Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physci 107 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human embryonic development takes an average of ____________ and is composed of two stages __________

A

38 weeks.

  • embryonic period
  • Fetal period
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

First 8 weeks of embryonic development is called _______________

A

Embryonic Period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

remaining 30 weeks of embryonic development is called___________________

A

Fetal Period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_________ develops in ovary.

A

Oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

After ovulation, THE Oocyte IS transported to ______ by __________________

A

uterus, uterus by muscular contractions of the fallopian tube and the cilia lining the tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oocyte is a _________ cell

A

haploid cell, containing only 1 copy of each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The Oocyte remains ______ within the fallopian tube for approximately 12 hours.

A

viable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The oocyte is surrounded by a ___________, a thick extracellular matrix called ___________

A

plasma membrane

zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The additional layer of cells that surround the oocyte

A

the corona radiata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sperm are___________ and are attracted to the oocyte.

A

haploid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sperm ______________ a pathway through these membranes to fertilize the oocyte.

A

enzymatically digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Critical that only one sperm fertilizes the oocyte, and all others are inhibited______________ after the first sperm has entered

A

by chemical changes

induced in the zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Unequal contribution of cytoplasm -

A

small amount of cytoplasm derived from the sperm compared

to the enormous amount derived from the oocyte.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sperm and oocyte contribute

A

equal amounts of genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nuclear fusion takes ______________

A

approximately 12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

______________ the formation of a single diploid cell from the two haploid cells oocyte and sperm

A

nuclear fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

24 hr after fertilization the __________ forms from _________

A

mammalian zygote, cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___________ the series of mitotic divisions by

which the enormous volume of egg cytoplasm is divided into smaller cells.

A

cleavage,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cells formed by cleavage divisions are called _____________

A

blastomeres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

As cleavage continues, more cells are formed. ______________ continues to surround the cells,
maintaining a constant diameter of the embryo.

A

The zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At the 16-32 cell stage, the embryo is called __________

A

a morula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During morula stage, Initially dividing cells are round, but then

A

become compacted with junctions between them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

• Embryo differentiates into ___________________

A

external and internal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sphere of ________________ will become the embryonic contribution to the placenta.

A

external cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inside the sphere are a small number of__________ that give rise to the embryo.

A

internal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

External cells differentiate into _________ and continue to divide and secrete fluid into the
middle of the morula to create the ___________

A

trophoblasts

blastocyst cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Internal cells are compacted into the_____________

A

inner

cell mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

As the blastocyst expands, the_______ degenerates, in preparation for ________________

A

zona pellucida

implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The __________ keeps developing embryo from attaching to fallopian tube lining until it reaches the uterus.

A

zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Fertilization usually occurs in the ______________

A

lateral third of the fallopian tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

By day 3, the embryo is a
compact ball of cells. By day 4, it contains about 60 cells and has reached the uterus. Fluid is secreted
into the middle of the morula forming a _________

A

blastocyst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

After the zona pellucida degenerates, trophoblast cells adhere to, and burrow into __________

A

the lining of the

uterus or endometrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Trophoblast cells proliferate and form two layers:

A

one maintains cellular membranes around the
embryo
the other fuses into a multinucleated mass,that invades the uterine lining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the other fuses into a multinucleated mass ___________ that invades the uterine lining.

A

syncytium,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

After the blastocyst is deeply embedded in the uterine lining, “holes” form in the outer trophoblast
layer and __________________

A

fill with maternal blood. Embryo is now in contact with its source of nourishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Placenta is derived from both

A

embryonic trophoblast and maternal endometrial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

during the second week, inner cell mass grows and divides into 2 sheets of cells, forming a ________________

A

bilaminar disc.

38
Q

Inner cell mass segregates into 2 layers:

A

epiblast (upper germ layer illustrated in blue) and

hypoblast (lower germ layer in yellow).

39
Q

Extensions of these cell sheets form 2 fluid filled sacs:

A

epiblast forms the amniotic sac

hypoblast gives rise to the yolk sac.

40
Q

________________ is filled with amniotic fluid that protects embryo from physical injury.

A

Amniotic sac

41
Q

_____________ is not an important food source.

A

yolk sac

42
Q

In order for the bilaminar disc to transform into a 3-layer structure, a raised groove called the
___________ forms in the epiblast.

A

primitive streak

43
Q

The primitive streak ends in the ____________

A

primitive node.

44
Q

________________ Changing from a 2 to a 3-layered disc

A

Mesoderm formation

45
Q

Epiblast cells move inward at the primitive streak. Initially they displace the hypoblast and form_____________ ____________________________

A

endoderm but then they form the third germ layer, mesoderm.

46
Q

_____________ gives rise to sheets of tightly joined cells on outside of the body (skin).

A

Ectoderm

47
Q

_____________ gives rise to sheets of tightly joined cells inside the body (digestive & respiratory tracts).

A

Endoderm

48
Q

_____________ gives rise to everything else. Mesodermal cells migrate widely and give rise to tissues
such as muscle and bone.

A

Mesoderm

49
Q

Epiblast cells invaginate at the primitive node and migrate anteriorly to form __________

A

dorsal mesoderm.

50
Q

_________________ forming at the large arrow will become the notochord, a transient structure found in the
midline that divides the body into right and left halves.

A

Mesoderm

51
Q

____________ has an important developmental function - it induces the formation of the nervous
system.

A

Notochord

52
Q

The primitive streak is later reduced to a strip of __________________

A

epidermis over the coccyx.

53
Q

______________ part of the embryonic disc corresponds to the top of the future head.

A

Dorsal-most

54
Q

Events by which the notochord induces ectoderm cells to form the nervous system are called
____________

A

neurolation

55
Q

Ectoderm in the dorsal midline thickens - called the ______________________

A

the neural plate.

56
Q

Edges of the neural plate begin to fold toward each other called the ___________

A

neural folds.

57
Q

Neural tube develops into ____________________

A

the

central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord).

58
Q

Neural crest cells migrate

throughout the body developing_________________

A

into the peripheral nervous system.

59
Q

Ectoderm that will become ___________ is shown in dark blue -

A

neural crest

60
Q

Ectoderm that will become the__________ is shown in light blue -

A

neural tube

61
Q

Ectoderm that forms ____________ is shown in medium blue and forms the skin covering the spine

A

epidermis

62
Q

• The neural plate ____________ as the embryo grows.

•

A

enlarges dorsally

63
Q

The neural groove forms and neural

folds meet in the midline to form the ____________

A

neural tube. Somites (~40 pairs) are adjacent to neural tube.

64
Q

Neural tube closes first near the middle of the embryo and then proceeds both______________

A

rostrally and caudally.

65
Q

If closure is incomplete caudally, ,________________________
closure is incomplete
rostrally___________________

A

the child is born with spinal bifida.

, the brain will not develop.

66
Q

Animation shows how the embryo’s body changes from a flat disc into _____________

A

a 3-dimensional cylinder

67
Q

Main force responsible for embryo folding is differential growth of tissues - ____________

A

ectoderm expands more

than endoderm.

68
Q

Cross-section of an embryo illustrates the neural tube and derivatives of mesoderm: __________________

A

notochord,

somites, intermediate mesoderm and lateral mesoderm.

69
Q

The ectoderm grows more vigorously than yolk sac, becoming convex in shape. Ectoderm then
grows together ventrally, forming the ventral midline of the body.

A

Middle stage ~ Day 25

70
Q

Ectoderm then

grows together ventrally, forming the _____________________

A

ventral midline of the body.

71
Q

The mesoderm differentiates – the medial part of the somite forms _________ whereas the
lateral mesoderm divides into ________________

A

the sclerotome

somatic mesoderm and splanchnic mesoderm.

72
Q

Most of the yolk sac is folded inside the embryo, forming

•

A

the gut tube.

73
Q

Somites divide into 3 parts:

A

1) Sclerotome forms the vertebral column and ribs.
2) Myotome forms the limb and trunk muscles.
3) Dermatome gives rise to the dermis.

74
Q

___________ forms the vertebral column and ribs.

A

Sclerotome

75
Q

__________ forms the limb and trunk muscles.

A

Myotome

76
Q

____________ gives rise to the dermis.

A

Dermatome

77
Q

_______________ gives rise to kidneys and gonads.

A

Intermediate mesoderm

78
Q

_________________ forms membranes that surround viscera & gives rise to heart
and blood vessels.

A

Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm

79
Q

_________________forms membranes that line the body cavity. The coelom, or ventral
body cavity, is surrounded by lateral mesoderm

A
  • Somatic (body) mesoderm
80
Q

Animation that presents embryo folding from the

A

sagittal perspective Heart Development

81
Q

Condensations of mesoderm at the rostral end of the embryonic disc give rise to ____________

A

the heart.

82
Q

• Condensations form a pair of tubes that fuse,________________________

A

giving rise to the primitive heart tube.

83
Q

• Primitive heart tube folds up and twists around to form the ________________

A

four-chambered heart.

84
Q

• Embryonic heart is beating and pumping blood by _______________________

A

1 month in utero.

85
Q

Endoderm attached to the yolk sac folds inward, forming ___________________

A

the major divisions of the gut (foregut,

midgut, and hindgut).

86
Q

• Tissues derived from endoderm differentiate into

A

linings of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and

urogenital systems:

87
Q

___________ differentiates into the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, lung buds, stomach, and part of the
small intestine.

A

Foregut

88
Q

__________ differentiates into the remainder of the small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine.

A

Midgut

89
Q

____________ differentiates into the remainder of the large intestine, rectum and urogenital system.

A

Hindgut

90
Q

• There is a common pattern to all vertebrate development.

__________ forms skin and the nervous system.

A
  • Ectoderm
91
Q

_______ forms connective tissue, blood cells, heart, bone, and muscle.

A

mesoderm

92
Q

______________ forms the lining of respiratory and digestive tubes.

A

Endoderm

Physci 107 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions