Lecture #40 - Acid-base balance 1

Question 1

Real brief - what are two ways kidney can help with buffering?

Answer 1

1. May reabsorb more bicarbonate or secrete more bicarbonate
2. Secrete H+

Question 2

1. What is the ECF (blood) pH and what range?
2. What are the parameters for acidosis or alkalosis
3. Plasma pH below what and above what is lethal?

Answer 2

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Question 3

So why bother with regulating pH? (4)

Answer 3

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Question 4

What are the two ways body keeps pH normal?

Answer 4

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Question 5

Name me four ways to gain H+ and four ways to lose H+

Answer 5

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Question 6

Generation of H+ fro CO2 - how?

Answer 6

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Question 7

Production of nonvolatile acids from the metabolism of proteins and other organic molecules - how?

Answer 7

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Question 8

Gain H+ from diarrhoea and urine - how?

Answer 8

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Question 9

How to lose H+ in vomitus?

Answer 9

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Question 10

What happens in hyperventilation?

Answer 10

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Question 11

What are the 3 ways to carry CO2 to lungs and how does each work?

Answer 11

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Question 12

What are the two main problems with pH regulation? Like where does the H+ mainly come from?

How do we not let #1 become a problem? What do we do to H+ that get released from CO2 so it doesn’t affect pH? What are the problems with hyper and hypoventilation?

For #2 - how do we deal with the excess ions released from non volatile acids.

• what are examples of volatile acids
• what do the ions need to be (2)
• what are the three main buffers but there is also what? ‘whole body buffering’
• how to get rid of H_?
• then what does the kidney do?-

Answer 12

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Question 13

What are the three ways the kidney handles bicarbonate?

Answer 13

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Question 14

1 - Reabs of filtered HCO3-

• where is it mostly reabs?
• where can it also be secreted?
• explain how it works

Answer 14

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Question 15

2 Replacement of HCO3- consumed due to excretion of non-volatile acids - two ways

For both: “Additional bicarbonate added to plasma: equivalent _____ ____ and _____ excreted in urine”

1. HPO4(2-)
   - how does this work?
   - what do we lose?
   - where does the CO2 come from for this?
2. Glutamine
   - when and where is this synthesised
   - how does this generate new bicarb?

Go check out slide 26

Answer 15

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Question 16

In respiratory alkalosis, what does kidney do to bicarbonate?

Answer 16

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Question 17

What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation for this?

Answer 17

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Question 18

Respiratory disturbances:

• explain how respiratory acidosis occurs
• explain how respiratory alkalosis occurs

Answer 18

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Question 19

Metabolic disturbances

• metabolic alkalosis - what are two reasons and examples? What actually happens?
• metabolic acidosis - what are three reasons and examples? What actually happens?

Answer 19

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Question 20

What is the ratio of bicarb so CO2?

So what is compensation?

Answer 20

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Question 21

Go read the rest

Answer 21

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