Lecture 4

Question 1

what are four characteristics of human movement

Answer 1

• flexible
• unique
• consistent
• modifiable

Question 2

characteristic of human movement : flexible (what is it and what principle is it linked to)

Answer 2

linked to the principle of motor equivalence

• we can apply our abilities and skills in many different ways

Question 3

characteristic of human movement : unique ( what is meant by this )

Answer 3

no two movements are performed in the exact same way, there are subtle changes in posture and movement

Question 4

what are internal non linearities (context conditioned variability)

Answer 4

central drive, elastic properties of locomotor apparatus

Question 5

what are external non linearities (context conditioned variability)

Answer 5

changes in force and their directions between movements

Question 6

characteristic of human movement : consistent ( what is meant by this )

Answer 6

in general, the temporal and spatial pattern of movements remains similar

Question 7

characteristic of human movement : consistent ( what are the advantages to this)

Answer 7

perform higher if we have trained a certain thing consistently

Question 8

characteristic of human movement : consistent ( what are the disadvantages to this )

Answer 8

if you are doing something incorrectly then you will perform worse

• also fatigue

Question 9

characteristic of human movement : modifiable ( what is meant by this )

Answer 9

the capability to alter movement patterns : during motion and various environments

Question 10

example of an open environment discrete skill

Answer 10

lineout throw

Question 11

example of a closed environment discrete skill

Answer 11

pool or darts

Question 12

example of a closed environment serial skill

Answer 12

chess

Question 13

example of a open environment serial skill

Answer 13

surfing

Question 14

example of a open environment continuous skill

Answer 14

biking outdoors

Question 15

example of a closed environment continuous skill

Answer 15

running on a treadmill

Question 16

what does the perceptual motor integration problem involve

Answer 16

interaction between peripheral and central systems

Question 17

how do we solve the problems of motor control

Answer 17

by experiencing, developing and learning postural skills

Question 18

what is coordination

Answer 18

the function of constraining the components of the motor system into a behavioural unit

Question 19

what is control

Answer 19

the function of determining the acceptable parameters for the coordinative structures

i.e range of motion of joints, force, speed etc

Question 20

what is skill (Newell, 1985)

Answer 20

the optimisation of coordinative structure behaviour

Question 21

what is feedback control

Answer 21

use of information recieved via sensory receptors to guide movement

Question 22

what is feedforward control

Answer 22

movements based on predictions

Question 23

what is anticipatory postural adjustments

Answer 23

preparatory development of muscle tone and coordination to enable effective future movement

Question 24

what are compensatory / intergrative postural adjustments

Answer 24

muscle actions that enable continued effective behaviour

Question 25

what is meant by motor enhances perception

Answer 25

to get more input

Question 26

what is meant by motor informs perception (example)

Answer 26

when looking at a hill with a heavy backpack on the brain will perceive the hill to be steeper

Question 27

what is meant by maximum certainty when talking about a skill

Answer 27

relatively low performance variability

Question 28

what is meant by minimum energy when talking about a skill

Answer 28

efficiency and economy

Question 29

what is meant by minimum time when talking about a skill

Answer 29

related to performance speed e.g typing on keyboard or pitching a baseball

Question 30

three factors that drive solving the degrees of freedom problem

Answer 30

• stability
• efficiency
• end state comfort

Question 31

what is stability (in terms of degrees of freedom)

Answer 31

relatively low movement variability

Question 32

what is efficiency (in terms of degrees of freedom)

Answer 32

relatively low energy expenditure, use of gravity

if possible, utilise the physical and mechanical properties of muscles and tendons

Question 33

what is end state comfort (in terms of degrees of freedom)

Answer 33

avoidance of discomfort, maximise potential for future movement