Lecture 21

Question 1

the learning cycle includes a cyclic appraoch of ….

Answer 1

• perception
• prediction
• action
• outcome

Question 2

Newell 1986 said that human movement patterns arise from ….

Answer 2

interactions between task, environment and organismic constraints

Question 3

constraints are both …… and ….

Answer 3

constraints are both restrictive and enabling

Question 4

constraints …. and … on different timescales

Answer 4

constraints emerge and decay on different timescales

Question 5

constraints shape the ways that degrees of freedom in a dynamical movement system are ..

Answer 5

constraints shape the ways that degrees of freedom in a dynamical movement system are configured

Question 6

what is representative learning design (and example)

Answer 6

where you learn a skill in an environment that you will need in another environment in the future

like learning to swim in pool

Question 7

why is posture a rate limiting constraint

Answer 7

posture is the foundation upon which movement is constructed, controlling posture has an important influence upon how skills are performed

Question 8

why is posture very limiting for the rate that infants and children can learn new skills

Answer 8

postural control doesn’t reach mature levels until 8-9 years old

so this influences their readiness to learn complex skills

Question 9

examples of task constraints

Answer 9

• equipment
• goals

Question 10

examples of organism constraints

Answer 10

• strength
• confidence

Question 11

examples of environment constraints

Answer 11

• friction
• social

Question 12

what are direct influences on constraints

Answer 12

change directly influences movement pattern

Question 13

example of direct influence on constraints using a learner skier

Answer 13

confidence, posture, snow conditions

Question 14

what are indirect influences on constraints

Answer 14

more subtle influence on movement

Question 15

example of indirect influence on constraints using a learner skier

Answer 15

ski clothes, pole length, temperature

Question 16

what are emergent influences on constraints

Answer 16

influence grows stronger with learning

Question 17

example of emergent influence on constraints using a learner skier

Answer 17

flexibility in hips, knees, ski eqiupment

Question 18

what are decaying influences on constraints

Answer 18

influence degrades with learning

Question 19

example of decaying influence on constraints using a learner skier

Answer 19

anxiety, people watching

Question 20

what is the bioecological model by Urie Bronfenbrenner similar to

Answer 20

slightly similar to the constraints model

Question 21

what overview does the bioecological model have of human development

Answer 21

holistic, longitudinal and contextual overview of human development

Question 22

the bioecological model believes that interactions between individual and environment are

Answer 22

proximal processes

Question 23

what are the 4 nested subsystems of the bioecological model

Answer 23

• microsystem
• mesosystem
• exosystem
• macrosystem

Question 24

example of macrosystem

Answer 24

historical context

Question 25

example of exosystem

Answer 25

demography

Question 26

example of mesosystem

Answer 26

practice facility

Question 27

example of microsystem

Answer 27

school, team, club

Question 28

what is considered to be the most important part of evolution

Answer 28

how adaptable you are

Question 29

what is catching up / taking over the natural ability

Answer 29

artificial intelligence

Question 30

some examples of big picture constraints in the 21st century

Answer 30

• the digital world
• social media
• climate change
• corona virus

Question 31

repetition without ….

Answer 31

repetition without repitition

Question 32

what is meant by repetition without repetition

Answer 32

practice adapting to subtle changes in constraint