Lecture 11 Flashcards
Motor Control in the Central Nervous System
motor behaviour requires cooperation between what systems
- nervous system
- musculoskeletal system
what is the nervous system responsible for
orchestrating the plan of action
what is the musculoskeletal system responsible for
execution and ongoing control
motor control is not localised within the brain it is distributed throughout the ..
Central Nervous System
what are the 4 main systems involved in motor planning and execution
- limbic system
- association cortex
- projection system
- spinal system
what is the limbic system involved in
deciding to act
what is the association cortex involved in
response selection
what is the projection system involved in
scaling / fine tuning
what is the spinal system involved in
execution and feedback
what does the limbic system influence
the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system
what does the limbic system include
- amygdala (emotional processing)
- cingulate gyrus
- parts of the hypothalamus
- hippocampus (memory > motor learning)
what do association areas integrate in response selection
sensory and motor functions
what are association cortices near (example using auditory)
they are near primary sensory cortex of the same type
example : auditory association cortex = next to primary auditory cortex
what do association areas do
- recognition of relevant inputs
- make sense of input
- integration of input into motor response
what are the appropriate parameters that selected when scaling / fine tuning the motor control programs
- force
- displacement
- velocity
- body segment
- posture
- muscle groups
parameter selection in fine tuning depends on information from input of what
- environment
- body
- task
what is included in the projection system
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
cerebellum
what is included in the cerebral cortex
- motor cortex
- pre motor cortex
- supplementary motor area
- parietal cortex
what is included in the spinal system
- brain stem
- corticospinal tracts
- spinal cords with central nerves
3 roles of the spinal system in motor control
- carry information from CNS to neuromuscular system (efferent information)
- carry information from periphery to CNS (afferent information)
- information processing at the spinal level = spinal reflexes
is spinal cord and spinal column the same thing
no they are different
what is the spinal cord
bundle of nerves running from brain to muscles and sensors
what is the major function of the vertebral column
protection of the spinal cord
where are more than half of the neurons in the brain located
located in the cerebellum
what does the cerebellum have a significant role in
timing and motor learning
what does the cerebellum activate well in advance of and what does this indicate
well in advance of the EMG trace and indicates involvement with motor planning
damage to the cerebellum leads to hypotonia and ataxia and this means the person can have trouble with :
- regulation of muscle tone = gait cycle and the heel to toe action
- coordination = balance
- timing
- learning
what are the roles of the basal ganglia (3)
- activation or retrieval of movement plans
- scaling of movement parameters (velocity, amplitude, direction)
- movement preparation
what are 4 characteristics of huntington’s disease
- clumsiness
- forgetfulness
- uncontrollable ballistic movements
- dementia
what are 5 characteristics of parkinson’s disease
- dopamine deficit which is normally produced in the basal ganglia
- shuffling gait
- resting tremor
- slow initiation of movements (akinesia)
- resistance to tugging (rigidity)
the motor cortex is a …… rather than a planning centre
motor cortex is a trigger centre
signals in the motor cortex occur around …. before electrical activity in the muscles which shows …
around 50ms before electrical activity in the muscles
this shows NOT involved in planning, but execution
how are body areas represented in the motor cortex and what areas are larger
represented geographically, larger areas have more neurons which allows for more fine tuning of movements in those areas of the body (e.g eyes)
what does pre motor cortex control
proximal muscles : trunk and shoulders
where are anticipatory postural adjustments coordinated
in the pre motor cortex
what does anticipatory postural adjustments adapt and prepare
- adapts the body position for movements
- prepares postural muscle to stabilise for movements
what does SMA stand for
supplementary motor area
what is the supplementary motor area involved in
complex movements
when is the supplementary motor area activated
long before onset
what does the supplementary motor area do
- high level of planning
- production of complex movement sequences
in PET scans when is the SMA found to be active
active during movement and when imagining same movement
in PET scans when is the MC found to be active
only active when actually performing the movement
what does damage to the parietal cortex cause
- apraxia
- spatial neglect
what is the brain stem the last stop before
last stop before the spinal cord
what are the two directions that the brain stem works in
- transports signals from spinal cord to rest of the brain
- transports motor commands from NS to motor neurons in spinal cord
the motor cortex is responsible for the force and direction of control of what
hand and arm movement
what does the parietal cortex do
integrates information from eyes, eye movements and body movement
