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SPEX 202 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

Motor Control in the Central Nervous System

1
Q

motor behaviour requires cooperation between what systems

A
  • nervous system
  • musculoskeletal system
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2
Q

what is the nervous system responsible for

A

orchestrating the plan of action

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3
Q

what is the musculoskeletal system responsible for

A

execution and ongoing control

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4
Q

motor control is not localised within the brain it is distributed throughout the ..

A

Central Nervous System

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5
Q

what are the 4 main systems involved in motor planning and execution

A
  • limbic system
  • association cortex
  • projection system
  • spinal system
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6
Q

what is the limbic system involved in

A

deciding to act

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7
Q

what is the association cortex involved in

A

response selection

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8
Q

what is the projection system involved in

A

scaling / fine tuning

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9
Q

what is the spinal system involved in

A

execution and feedback

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10
Q

what does the limbic system influence

A

the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

what does the limbic system include

A
  • amygdala (emotional processing)
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parts of the hypothalamus
  • hippocampus (memory > motor learning)
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12
Q

what do association areas integrate in response selection

A

sensory and motor functions

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13
Q

what are association cortices near (example using auditory)

A

they are near primary sensory cortex of the same type

example : auditory association cortex = next to primary auditory cortex

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14
Q

what do association areas do

A
  • recognition of relevant inputs
  • make sense of input
  • integration of input into motor response
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15
Q

what are the appropriate parameters that selected when scaling / fine tuning the motor control programs

A
  • force
  • displacement
  • velocity
  • body segment
  • posture
  • muscle groups
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16
Q

parameter selection in fine tuning depends on information from input of what

A
  • environment
  • body
  • task
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17
Q

what is included in the projection system

A

cerebral cortex

basal ganglia

cerebellum

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18
Q

what is included in the cerebral cortex

A
  • motor cortex
  • pre motor cortex
  • supplementary motor area
  • parietal cortex
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19
Q

what is included in the spinal system

A
  • brain stem
  • corticospinal tracts
  • spinal cords with central nerves
20
Q

3 roles of the spinal system in motor control

A
  • carry information from CNS to neuromuscular system (efferent information)
  • carry information from periphery to CNS (afferent information)
  • information processing at the spinal level = spinal reflexes
21
Q

is spinal cord and spinal column the same thing

A

no they are different

22
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

bundle of nerves running from brain to muscles and sensors

23
Q

what is the major function of the vertebral column

A

protection of the spinal cord

24
Q

where are more than half of the neurons in the brain located

A

located in the cerebellum

25
Q

what does the cerebellum have a significant role in

A

timing and motor learning

26
Q

what does the cerebellum activate well in advance of and what does this indicate

A

well in advance of the EMG trace and indicates involvement with motor planning

27
Q

damage to the cerebellum leads to hypotonia and ataxia and this means the person can have trouble with :

A
  • regulation of muscle tone = gait cycle and the heel to toe action
  • coordination = balance
  • timing
  • learning
28
Q

what are the roles of the basal ganglia (3)

A
  • activation or retrieval of movement plans
  • scaling of movement parameters (velocity, amplitude, direction)
  • movement preparation
29
Q

what are 4 characteristics of huntington’s disease

A
  • clumsiness
  • forgetfulness
  • uncontrollable ballistic movements
  • dementia
30
Q

what are 5 characteristics of parkinson’s disease

A
  • dopamine deficit which is normally produced in the basal ganglia
  • shuffling gait
  • resting tremor
  • slow initiation of movements (akinesia)
  • resistance to tugging (rigidity)
31
Q

the motor cortex is a …… rather than a planning centre

A

motor cortex is a trigger centre

32
Q

signals in the motor cortex occur around …. before electrical activity in the muscles which shows …

A

around 50ms before electrical activity in the muscles

this shows NOT involved in planning, but execution

33
Q

how are body areas represented in the motor cortex and what areas are larger

A

represented geographically, larger areas have more neurons which allows for more fine tuning of movements in those areas of the body (e.g eyes)

34
Q

what does pre motor cortex control

A

proximal muscles : trunk and shoulders

35
Q

where are anticipatory postural adjustments coordinated

A

in the pre motor cortex

36
Q

what does anticipatory postural adjustments adapt and prepare

A
  • adapts the body position for movements
  • prepares postural muscle to stabilise for movements
37
Q

what does SMA stand for

A

supplementary motor area

38
Q

what is the supplementary motor area involved in

A

complex movements

39
Q

when is the supplementary motor area activated

A

long before onset

40
Q

what does the supplementary motor area do

A
  • high level of planning
  • production of complex movement sequences
41
Q

in PET scans when is the SMA found to be active

A

active during movement and when imagining same movement

42
Q

in PET scans when is the MC found to be active

A

only active when actually performing the movement

43
Q

what does damage to the parietal cortex cause

A
  • apraxia
  • spatial neglect
44
Q

what is the brain stem the last stop before

A

last stop before the spinal cord

45
Q

what are the two directions that the brain stem works in

A
  • transports signals from spinal cord to rest of the brain
  • transports motor commands from NS to motor neurons in spinal cord
46
Q

the motor cortex is responsible for the force and direction of control of what

A

hand and arm movement

47
Q

what does the parietal cortex do

A

integrates information from eyes, eye movements and body movement

SPEX 202 (31 decks)

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