Lecture 36

Question 1

what is cerebral meant in cerebral palsy

Answer 1

related to the brain

Question 2

what is palsy meant in cerebral palsy

Answer 2

paralysis, especially that which is accompanied by involuntary tremors

Question 3

what is spasticity meant in cerebral palsy

Answer 3

affected by muscle spasms

Question 4

what are the mechanisms of cerebral palsy

Answer 4

premature birth

lack of enough blood and oxygen before birth or during birth

brain injury

serious brain infection

Question 5

how many children are born with cerebral palsy

Answer 5

1 in 500

Question 6

what does cerebral palsy effect

Answer 6

ability to move and control posture

Question 7

what is the most common type of cerebral palsy

Answer 7

spastic

Question 8

what are the 6 types of cerebral palsy

Answer 8

• spastic
• dyskenetic
• ataxic
• quadriplegia
• diplegia
• hemiplegia

Question 9

what are the gait problems of cerebral palsy

Answer 9

decreased walking speed

decreased walking distance

balance problems

Question 10

what are the four gait types in cerebral palsy

Answer 10

*Type 1 – weak or paralysed/silent
dorsiflexors (= dropfoot) (true equinus)

*Type 2 – type 1 + triceps surae
contracture (jump gait)

*Type 3 – type 2 + hamstrings and/or
Rectus Femoris spasticity (apparent
equinus)

*Type 4 – type 3 + spastic hip flexors and
adductors (crouch gait)

Question 11

what is hemiplgeic cerebral palsy

Answer 11

arm and leg on one side

Question 12

what is quadriplgeic cerebral palsy

Answer 12

both arms and both legs

Question 13

what is paraplegic cerebral palsy

Answer 13

both legs only

Question 14

can physical training help young children with cerebral palsy

Answer 14

children showed improved gross motor function, walking speed and walking endurance

Question 15

what did adolescent cerebral palsy participants report with physical training

Answer 15

reported psychologicial benefits such as a feeling od increased wellbeing and improved participation in school and activities

Question 16

what was found in adults with cerebral palsy with physical training

Answer 16

spasticity decreased

muscle strength increased

Question 17

developmental coordination disorder affects perceptual motor skills such as

Answer 17

handwriting

generating and monitoring internal models of action

inability to mentally represent and efficiently plan actions

gross motor skills and fundamental movement skills

driving a car

Question 18

children with DCD have difficulties to predict

Answer 18

the consequences of their actions

Question 19

what orientated approaches are not recommended for improving motor performance in DCD

Answer 19

process

Question 20

down syndrome occurs 1 in how many births

Answer 20

1 in every 800 births

Question 21

abnormal cell devision results in what in down syndrome people

Answer 21

results in extra genetic material from chromosomes 21 leading to people with down syndrome having 47 chromosomes rather than 46

Question 22

what are the 2 motor behaviour issues associated with down syndrome and what causes them

Answer 22

reduced muscle tone and joint laxity leads to reduced:

• gross and fine motor skills

Question 23

what is there some evidence for static posture in down syndrome people

Answer 23

for differential allocation of resources when sensory inputs altered

Question 24

what is the suggestion for dynamic posture in down syndrome people

Answer 24

suggestion that central processes are cause of delays to postural control

Question 25

what is the incidence of parkinson’s disease

Answer 25

8-18 people per 100,000

Question 26

a combination of what leads to parkinson’s disease

Answer 26

combination of genes and environmental factors lead to the development of parkinson’s

Question 27

research into the environmental causes of parkinson’s investigates the risk factors of :

Answer 27

alcohol

smoking

coffee

antioxidants

fat / free fatty acids

dietary iron

inflammation

oestrogens

Question 28

parkinson’s develops as a result of

Answer 28

loss of neurons in parts of the basal ganglia associated with dopamine

Question 29

symptoms of parkinson’s disease

Answer 29

• delayed movement initiation
• movement slowness
• reduced movement amplitude
• tremor at rest

etc

Question 30

deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus shows improvements in what with people with parkinson’s disease

Answer 30

improvements in gait and balance following implantation

Question 31

what is cerebral palsy

Answer 31

paralysis, spasticity or tremors resulting from damage to the cerebral cortex

Question 32

what are the causes of developmental coordination disorder

Answer 32

unknown causes

Question 33

what is parkinson’s disease a disorder of

Answer 33

neurodegenerative disorder

Question 34

free play and deliberate practice leads to …

Answer 34

relatively permanent changes to performance ability and leads to the ability to transfer skills between movement contexts

Question 35

what are the 7 questions to answer when studying something in motor behaviour

Answer 35

• What is the research question?
• Why is this interesting?
• What is your hypothesis?
• What are your methods (i.e., how would you study this: participants, equipment, procedures)?
• What data would you get and how would you analyse it and present it?
• What do you think the answer to your research question would be?
• What does your predicted outcome tell you about motor behaviour?