Lecture 36 Flashcards
Developmental Delays
what is cerebral meant in cerebral palsy
related to the brain
what is palsy meant in cerebral palsy
paralysis, especially that which is accompanied by involuntary tremors
what is spasticity meant in cerebral palsy
affected by muscle spasms
what are the mechanisms of cerebral palsy
premature birth
lack of enough blood and oxygen before birth or during birth
brain injury
serious brain infection
how many children are born with cerebral palsy
1 in 500
what does cerebral palsy effect
ability to move and control posture
what is the most common type of cerebral palsy
spastic
what are the 6 types of cerebral palsy
- spastic
- dyskenetic
- ataxic
- quadriplegia
- diplegia
- hemiplegia
what are the gait problems of cerebral palsy
decreased walking speed
decreased walking distance
balance problems
what are the four gait types in cerebral palsy
*Type 1 – weak or paralysed/silent
dorsiflexors (= dropfoot) (true equinus)
*Type 2 – type 1 + triceps surae
contracture (jump gait)
*Type 3 – type 2 + hamstrings and/or
Rectus Femoris spasticity (apparent
equinus)
*Type 4 – type 3 + spastic hip flexors and
adductors (crouch gait)
what is hemiplgeic cerebral palsy
arm and leg on one side
what is quadriplgeic cerebral palsy
both arms and both legs
what is paraplegic cerebral palsy
both legs only
can physical training help young children with cerebral palsy
children showed improved gross motor function, walking speed and walking endurance
what did adolescent cerebral palsy participants report with physical training
reported psychologicial benefits such as a feeling od increased wellbeing and improved participation in school and activities
what was found in adults with cerebral palsy with physical training
spasticity decreased
muscle strength increased
developmental coordination disorder affects perceptual motor skills such as
handwriting
generating and monitoring internal models of action
inability to mentally represent and efficiently plan actions
gross motor skills and fundamental movement skills
driving a car
children with DCD have difficulties to predict
the consequences of their actions
what orientated approaches are not recommended for improving motor performance in DCD
process
down syndrome occurs 1 in how many births
1 in every 800 births
abnormal cell devision results in what in down syndrome people
results in extra genetic material from chromosomes 21 leading to people with down syndrome having 47 chromosomes rather than 46
what are the 2 motor behaviour issues associated with down syndrome and what causes them
reduced muscle tone and joint laxity leads to reduced:
- gross and fine motor skills
what is there some evidence for static posture in down syndrome people
for differential allocation of resources when sensory inputs altered
what is the suggestion for dynamic posture in down syndrome people
suggestion that central processes are cause of delays to postural control
what is the incidence of parkinson’s disease
8-18 people per 100,000
a combination of what leads to parkinson’s disease
combination of genes and environmental factors lead to the development of parkinson’s
research into the environmental causes of parkinson’s investigates the risk factors of :
alcohol
smoking
coffee
antioxidants
fat / free fatty acids
dietary iron
inflammation
oestrogens
parkinson’s develops as a result of
loss of neurons in parts of the basal ganglia associated with dopamine
symptoms of parkinson’s disease
- delayed movement initiation
- movement slowness
- reduced movement amplitude
- tremor at rest
etc
deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus shows improvements in what with people with parkinson’s disease
improvements in gait and balance following implantation
what is cerebral palsy
paralysis, spasticity or tremors resulting from damage to the cerebral cortex
what are the causes of developmental coordination disorder
unknown causes
what is parkinson’s disease a disorder of
neurodegenerative disorder
free play and deliberate practice leads to …
relatively permanent changes to performance ability and leads to the ability to transfer skills between movement contexts
what are the 7 questions to answer when studying something in motor behaviour
- What is the research question?
- Why is this interesting?
- What is your hypothesis?
- What are your methods (i.e., how would you study this: participants, equipment, procedures)?
- What data would you get and how would you analyse it and present it?
- What do you think the answer to your research question would be?
- What does your predicted outcome tell you about motor behaviour?
