Lecture 16

Question 1

what are abilities

Answer 1

general movement attributes that are largely genetically predetermined that affect performance such as speed, strength, agility, flexibility etc

Question 2

abilities differ from skills how (Haibach-Beach et al., 2018)

Answer 2

abilities differ from skills in the sense that skills are learned, whereas abilities are a product of both learning and genetics

Question 3

a skill is a complex ……

Answer 3

a skill is a complex movement phenomena with many interrelated factors

Question 4

what are the three interrelated factors of a skill

Answer 4

• perception
• decision making
• action

Question 5

what are motor milestones

Answer 5

motor milestones that children need to meet, in order for them to be considered typical developers (e.g lifting their head by a certain age)

Question 6

what was researched and found from the McGraw (1930-40’s) “Johnny and Jimmy twin study”

Answer 6

they were trying to find what influence does teaching have on the ability for young children

they found we can train them to perfrom better in simple motor skills

Question 7

what is the critical period of heightened neural plasticity

Answer 7

where the brain is more able to rewire its self to become more efficient at performing a motor task

Question 8

what is the critical period of embryology

Answer 8

extremely sensitive of the perceptual motor system during the first trimester of pregnancy

Question 9

what are the three things you must be sensitive to (at the bottom of the triangle) to get to academic learning

Answer 9

• tactile
• vestibular
• proprioception

Question 10

what does the figure from Gange (2011) believe natural abilities are linked to talents

Answer 10

believes that natural abilities and catalysts from the environment and intrapersonal affect the developmental processes which turns into talent

Question 11

what is a sensitive period

Answer 11

when the effect of experience on the brain is particularly strong

Question 12

what is a critical period (Knudsen, 2004)

Answer 12

when experience essential for normal development alters performance permanently

Question 13

when is a critical period very important in children

Answer 13

4-6

Question 14

what is important of the ages 2-12 in children

Answer 14

first language development (they must be exposed during this age, otherwise they are likely to have issues with understanding the language)

Question 15

why do we move and learn differently (rates, ease, etc)

Answer 15

inherent movement preferences

• given our backgrounds, these build within us different intrinsic dynamics that we have to work with to learn a particular skill

Question 16

what are intrinsic dynamics

Answer 16

“the preferred states of the system given its current architecture and previous history of activity”

Question 17

what is suggested by some biologists about tool use (and why)

Answer 17

tool use, cognition and language co-evolved

• humans gathered around fires (made with tools) for warmth, to eat and talk

Question 18

Berstein’s degrees of freedom problem suggest that there are more degrees of freedom than are ….

Answer 18

there are more degrees of freedom than are strictly necessary to perform a given task

Question 19

what is meant by we have redundancy or abundance of degrees of freedom

Answer 19

the idea that the human body has more available ways or options to achieve a particular movement task than are strictly necessary

Question 20

what is context conditioned variability (Turvey et al., 1982)

Answer 20

humans utilise degrees of freedom and learn to adapt to different context remarkably fluently

Question 21

the role of a muscle is context what …

Answer 21

role of a muscle is context dependent

Question 22

what needs to happen to internal and external forces due to context condition variability

Answer 22

due to context conditioned variability, we need to continuously recognise and adapt to changes in internal and external forces