Lecture 16 Flashcards
Motor Abilities and Individual Differences
what are abilities
general movement attributes that are largely genetically predetermined that affect performance such as speed, strength, agility, flexibility etc
abilities differ from skills how (Haibach-Beach et al., 2018)
abilities differ from skills in the sense that skills are learned, whereas abilities are a product of both learning and genetics
a skill is a complex ……
a skill is a complex movement phenomena with many interrelated factors
what are the three interrelated factors of a skill
- perception
- decision making
- action
what are motor milestones
motor milestones that children need to meet, in order for them to be considered typical developers (e.g lifting their head by a certain age)
what was researched and found from the McGraw (1930-40’s) “Johnny and Jimmy twin study”
they were trying to find what influence does teaching have on the ability for young children
they found we can train them to perfrom better in simple motor skills
what is the critical period of heightened neural plasticity
where the brain is more able to rewire its self to become more efficient at performing a motor task
what is the critical period of embryology
extremely sensitive of the perceptual motor system during the first trimester of pregnancy
what are the three things you must be sensitive to (at the bottom of the triangle) to get to academic learning
- tactile
- vestibular
- proprioception
what does the figure from Gange (2011) believe natural abilities are linked to talents
believes that natural abilities and catalysts from the environment and intrapersonal affect the developmental processes which turns into talent
what is a sensitive period
when the effect of experience on the brain is particularly strong
what is a critical period (Knudsen, 2004)
when experience essential for normal development alters performance permanently
when is a critical period very important in children
4-6
what is important of the ages 2-12 in children
first language development (they must be exposed during this age, otherwise they are likely to have issues with understanding the language)
why do we move and learn differently (rates, ease, etc)
inherent movement preferences
- given our backgrounds, these build within us different intrinsic dynamics that we have to work with to learn a particular skill
what are intrinsic dynamics
“the preferred states of the system given its current architecture and previous history of activity”
what is suggested by some biologists about tool use (and why)
tool use, cognition and language co-evolved
- humans gathered around fires (made with tools) for warmth, to eat and talk
Berstein’s degrees of freedom problem suggest that there are more degrees of freedom than are ….
there are more degrees of freedom than are strictly necessary to perform a given task
what is meant by we have redundancy or abundance of degrees of freedom
the idea that the human body has more available ways or options to achieve a particular movement task than are strictly necessary
what is context conditioned variability (Turvey et al., 1982)
humans utilise degrees of freedom and learn to adapt to different context remarkably fluently
the role of a muscle is context what …
role of a muscle is context dependent
what needs to happen to internal and external forces due to context condition variability
due to context conditioned variability, we need to continuously recognise and adapt to changes in internal and external forces
