Lecture 33: Expert Performance Flashcards
What did a chess study identify about memory recall in expert and novice chess players?
Experts able to recall more information in a real-game situation
When pieces were randomly allocated they recalled the same amount
Superior memory and knowledge about chess
Due to general theory of expertise
Define domain specificity.
Knowledge and memory enhanced in a specific domain
Doesn’t aid with solving problems in other domains
What is the general theory of expertise?
Knowledge has positive relationship with time spent in domain
Define an expert.
Someone who has proficiency
Specific field of knowledge
10 years or more
What are the four dimensions where athletic expertise can occur?
Cognitive
Technical
Physiological
Emotional
What is the difference between absolute expertise and relative expertise?
Absolute expertise: how expert athletes differ from the masses
Relative: how a novice can become as good as an elite athlete
How can athletes be classified as experts using Swann’s scale?
Within-sport:
Highest level competed at
Success at highest level
Duration at highest level
Between-sport:
Competitiveness of sport in athlete’s country
Global competitiveness of sport
What is the essential part of an expert team?
Sharedness (shared cognitive functions)
Improves communication and expectancy
What are the 3 key aspects of the expert-performance approach of measuring expertise?
In-situ (differences between novices and expertise measured in their original settings)
Needs to be in the same situation that the skill is normally executed
Based on practice histories and learning studies
What is the difference between hardware and software tasks?
Hardware:
General areas of ability
Fixed commodity
Software:
Domain specific practice and learning
What are the four perceptual skills that separate experts and novices?
Faster detection of cues
Better visual searching
Better recall of sport-specific patterns of play
Better recognition of advance visual cues
Describe the Power Law of Practice
That performance initially increases rapidly with training
Performance then plateaus/becomes harder to improve over time
What is the theory of deliberate practice?
Expertise increase in relation to the amount of deliberate practice (monotic relationship)
What is the relative age effect and how can this lead to better sport performance?
Athletes who were old for their year were more likely to go on to have sporting success
Due to..
Increased physical size
Increased motivation
Increased perceived competence
More expertise
Leads to..
Increased likelihood of TID
Success at national level
Involvement in sport as a professional
Exposure to better coaching
What did Mcarthy and Collins identify about the relative age effect and athlete success in rugby?
People who were in Q1 (older for their year) were more to likely to be picked up by TID programmes
High release rate of ‘older’ (for their year) rugby players, may be due to decreased ‘trial by fire’
