Lecture 23: Emotions

Question 1

What is the definition of an emotion?

Answer 1

Psychophysiological

Ongoing interaction between person and environment

Question 2

What should emotional research be able to do?

Answer 2

Describe/ Explain/ Predict

Success and Well-being

Question 3

What are the two types of emotional experience and what are their properties?

Answer 3

State-like (dynamic)

Trait-like (stable)

Question 4

What are meta-experiences?

Answer 4

Feelings about feelings

Question 5

What are the 5 dimensions of emotional experience?

Answer 5

Form 
Content 
Intensity 
Context 
Time

Question 6

What do meta-experiences help influence?

Answer 6

Strategy

Intervention

Question 7

Define emotional regulation.

Answer 7

Reframing of emotions towards specific sport situations and emotion experiences

Question 8

What are the two approaches to categorising emotional content?

Answer 8

Discrete 
Dimensional (valence and hedonic tone - a scale)

Question 9

What are the 3 most important types of emotion?

Answer 9

Idiosyncratic
Functionally helpful
Specific

Question 10

What did Robazza and Bortoli identify about anger in rugby, in relation to its properties as a negative emotion?

Answer 10

Anger is negative but can be facilitative and debilitative

Controlled anger is facilitative while repressed anger is debilitative

Question 11

What are the four emotional categories?

Answer 11

P+ (optimal emotions and pleasant)
P- (dysfunctional emotions and unpleasant)
N+ (optimal emotions but unpleasant)
N- (dysfunctional emotions but pleasant)

Question 12

Which emotional categories have the biggest impact on: success, well-being and failure?

Answer 12

Success: P+
Well-being: P-
Failure: N-

Question 13

How does intensity of emotion differ between athletes in regard to successful performance?

Answer 13

In terms of intensity of emotions, different athletes have different optimal zones

Question 14

What does Hanin describe in his ‘Individual zones of optimal functioning’?

Answer 14

Optimal emotional intensity zones are idiosyncratic and therefore differ between athletes
Specific constellation functional and dysfunctional emotions for athletes
Determined by training vs. competition

Question 15

Describe the ESP-40.

Answer 15

Emotional State Profile
Uses recall scaling
Includes the four emotional categories, with examples for each to allow for recall scaling

Question 16

How does Ruiz and Hanin’s recall scaling work?

Answer 16

Athletes choose 5 pleasant and 5 unpleasant emotions that resulted in optimal and successful performance
Athletes chose 5 pleasant and 5 unpleasant emotions that resulted in failure and unsuccessful performance
Give each an intensity rating out of 10

Question 17

What are Hanin’s applied recommendations of the IZOF model?

Answer 17

Optimum levels of emotion should be known by each athlete
Attitudes and beliefs towards specific emotions should be known by each athlete
Emotional self-regulation strategies known

Question 18

What did Robazza et al. discover about the effects of an emotional regulation intervention?

Answer 18

Increased performance

Question 19

What cognitive and arousal control techniques did Jones outline as most important in emotion management?

Answer 19

Cognitive: Self-talk/ Imagery/ Observational Learning/ Reframing/ Problem-solving

Arousal control: diaphragmatic breathing/ centering/ muscular relaxation/ up-beat music/ exercise

Question 20

What did Laukka and Quick identify about the effect of music and gender on emotion?

Answer 20

Music increased: positive affect, activation and motivation

Women had valued emotions as more important and more of them