Lecture 11: Imagery (Part 1)

Question 1

What is the definition of imagery?

Answer 1

Mimics real experience 
Involves senses (can feel movement) 
Under deliberate and conscious control

Question 2

What is functional equivalence?

Answer 2

Neural overlap between motor pathways stimulated during real action and imagery

Question 3

What is mental rehearsal?

Answer 3

Imagery without physical movement

Question 4

According to Hale et al., why does imagery work?

Answer 4

Increases confidence, motivation and focus
Enables learning: a) Direct: creates whole picture therefore can improve technique etc. b) Indirect: allows for functional equivalence

Question 5

What did Wakefield and Smith define as the main basis of PETTLEP?

Answer 5

Increases imagery effectiveness as it comes closer to actual physical practice

Question 6

What is behavioural matching?

Answer 6

Matching behaviour in imagery to actual behaviour

Includes the senses involved with the behaviour and its subsequent emotional impact

Question 7

Give a description of each stage of PETTLEP.

Answer 7

Physical: sports kit/ kinaesthetic movement/ imagine sensations
Environment: image in performance environment
Task: based on nature of task/ specific to ability level
Timing: as close to movement time as possible
Learning: matches current stage of learning
Emotion: appropriate emotions
Perspective: internal and external

Question 8

What does research say about internal and external perspectives during imagery?

Answer 8

Internal: used for targeting/aim and well-learned skills
External: used for learning or correcting an action

Question 9

In their review, what did Guillot and Collet conclude about effective imagery timing?

Answer 9

For more effective imagery, movement time should match the imagery

Question 10

What is the most important stage of PETTLEP?

Answer 10

Physical

Question 11

What did Beilock and Gonso discover as the effect of imagery time in putting performance for novices and experts?

Answer 11

Expert performance improved with speeded imagery-action

Novice performance improved with non-speeded imagery-action

Question 12

What did Gallego et al. uncover about cardiac response to imagery?

Answer 12

Cardiac response increased from: no imagery –> observation imagery (environment) –> preparation imagery (prior to competition) –> exercise imagery (actual action)

Question 13

What have neuro-imaging studies shown?

Answer 13

Imagery stimulates areas involved in: planning, generation and execution of motor tasks

Question 14

When comparing PETTLEP imagery to traditional imagery, what did Smith et al. conclude?

Answer 14

Sport specific imagery (physical and environment) was the only imagery that significantly improved performance