Lecture 24: Coping Strategies Flashcards
Define stress.
An imbalance between demand and response capabilities
Failure to meet demand has important consequences
Define coping.
Changing behaviour to meet demands that are appraised to taking or exceeding the internal resources of an individual
Equation for stress response.
Stress response = demands of situation > coping resources
What are the two coping strategies?
Problem-focused (alleviating environmental issue that is causing stress)
Emotion-focused (regulating emotion)
What are the two coping styles?
Approach (tackle problem head on)
Avoidance
Describe the conceptual framework of emotion.
Problem-Approach: analyse what error was and make correction
Problem-Avoidance: try again & don’t worry
Emotion-Approach: relaxation to reduce stress
Emotion-Avoidance: ignore situation
When interviewing Korean athletes, what did Park conclude was the most important coping dimension?
Psychological skills training
What were the 6 coping resources Glaccobbi identified in golfers?
Cognitive (imagery) Relaxation (arousal management) Out of Sport (reading a golf magazine) Emotion (breaking clubs) Off Course (alcohol) Golf-Course strategies (pre-performance routines)
What were Glaccobbi et al.’s applied recommendations for golfers?
Use imagery
Use self-talk
Be aware of own typical coping strategies
Record thoughts at times of stress
What are the two hypothesis for the nature of coping strategies?
Dispositional Hypothesis (Same coping strategies for all situations) Dynamic Hypothesis (coping strategy changes dependent on the situation)
What did Nicholls et al. identify as the most frequently used coping strategies by elite golfers?
Blocking
Concentration techniques
Technical Adjustments
Which of the coping styles/strategies did Nicholls et al. find was used most by elite golfers?
Problem-focused strategies
Did switch between problem-focused; emotion-focused and avoidance-focused over the 31 days
What are the findings on gender differences in coping strategies?
Males: more problem-focused
Females: emotion-focused and social support
Very mixed findings however
What did Nicholls & Polman discover and suggest about coping strategies in young and old people?
Old people are better at coping
Need to start teaching people coping strategies at a younger age
What have been identified as the psychological responses to: problem-focused; emotion-focused and avoidance coping strategies?
Problem-focused: increased positive affect
Emotion-Focused: increased anxiety and negative affect
Avoidance: increased anxiety and perfectionism
What did Eubank & Collins identify about the relationship between anxiety interpretation and coping strategies?
Facilitators: had more specific problem and emotion focused coping strategies, and also had a higher coping score
Debilitators: had no set coping strategy
What did Nicholls and Polman identify as the negative consequences of an inability to cope?
Sport withdrawal
Decreased performance
Inability to pursue career
In their meta-analysis, what did Nicholls and Polman identify as the main three determinants of effective coping?
Automaticity
Selection of coping strategy
Perceived control over stressors
What effect did increased coping effectiveness have on athletes at the Olympic Games?
Improved placement, decreased dysfunctional emotions and increased satisfaction with performance
What are the controllable and uncontrollable aspects of coping effectiveness training?
Controllable: problem-focused
Uncontrollable: emotion-focused
In Reeves et al.’s intervention for youth footballers with low coping, what strategies were adopted to implement an intervention?
Work book
Behaviour and cognitive management training
45-60 minute activity sessions
“Do-review-learn-apply” model
1: understanding stressors and coping ability
2,3: uncontrollable stressors
4,5:controllable stressors
6:social support
What was the result of Reeves et al.’s coping effectiveness training on youth footballers?
Increased coping effectiveness score and subjective improvements in some footballers
