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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 31 > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What enteric viruses can be isolated from the intestinal tract and migrate to other parts of the body? Name the three

A

Poliomyelitis
Hepatitis
Viral gastroenteritis

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2
Q

What virus causes poliovirus?

A

Poliomyelitis

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3
Q

Name the three immunologically distinct poliovirus

A
  1. Type 1- the Brunhilde or Mahoney strain
  2. Type 2 the Lansing strain
  3. The Leon strain
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4
Q

What is the incubation period for Polio?

A

7-14 days

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5
Q

Name the 4 types of responses that can occur while being exposed to poliovirus

A
  1. Inapparent infection
  2. Abortive poliomyelitis
  3. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis
  4. Paralytic poliomyelitis
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6
Q

Define an abortive poliomyelitis response such as symptoms and recovery.

A

Minor illness and most common. Symptoms are fever, headaches, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipation and sore throat. Recovery occurs after a few days.

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7
Q

Define a paralytic poliomyelitis including symptoms and recovery.

A

This is characterized by flaccid limp, paralysis of the limb muscles. Recovery usually occurs within 6 months. Mortality rate if 2-3%

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8
Q

Define non paralytic poliomyelitis including symptoms and recovery.

A

Also called aseptic meningitis. Symptoms are stiff neck and upper back. Recovery occurs in 2-10 days

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9
Q

Where can the poliovirus replicate in the brain?

A

Within the neurons of the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord.

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10
Q

How does the poliovirus spread to the rest of the body?

A

Via the bloodstream and long neural pathways.

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11
Q

How is flaccid paralysis of the limb muscles obtained ?

A

Due to the destruction of lower brain motor neurons

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12
Q

Describe the most severe form of the polio disease and what the disease is called.

A

Bulbar poliomyelitis and it’s the paralysis of the respiratory muscles.

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13
Q

Via what route does polio spread?

A

Fecal-oral

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14
Q

Does passive immunity occur via placenta in polio?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What type of immunization are possible for polio?

A

The Salk vaccine using killed viruses or the Sabin (given orally) vaccine using attenuated viruses

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16
Q

Each polio vaccine contain viruses of ____ immunological types.

A

3

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17
Q

When is the polio vaccine administered?

A

At 2,4,6 and 16-18 months and 4-5 years old. They are part of the DPTP

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18
Q

True or false, the Sabin vaccine for polio is still used in Canada?

A

False. Some cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were attributed to the vaccine.

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19
Q

What does the term hepatitis mean?

A

The inflammation of the liver due to any cause, mechanical, chemical or biological.

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20
Q

How many hepatitis viruses exist?

A

7

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21
Q

True or false. Hepatitis D occurs only in individuals infected with Hep B virus?

A

True

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22
Q

What is another name for Hep D?

A

The delta virus

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23
Q

Hetatitis E is a _____borne disease occurring in third wold countries.

A

water

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24
Q

True or false. Hep F and Hep G are only recently discovered

A

True

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25
Q

How is Hep C contracted?

A

By blood transfusion or sexual contact

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26
Q

What is the incubation period for Hep C?

A

6 months

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27
Q

True or false. only 50% of people how have contacted hep C develop the disease.

A

True

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28
Q

True or false. Hep C can lead to liver damage and liver cancer

A

True

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29
Q

What type of treatment is beneficial in Hep C?

A

Alpha-interferon

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30
Q

What is the incubation of Hep A?

A

15-40 days

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31
Q

What are symptoms of Hep A?

A

Ferver, nausea, vomiting, abdo pain, jaundice, enlarged and tender liver.

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32
Q

The virus of Hep A is present in the blood and feces for about ___ weeks before symptoms and ___or___ weeks after the jaundice disappears.

A

2

1-2

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33
Q

How long does Hep A persist for?

A

2-3 months

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34
Q

What is the major route of infection in Hep A?

A

Fecal-oral

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35
Q

Hep A immune ____ is protective when administered before exposure or during incubation.

A

globulin

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36
Q

Hep B is also a ____ hepatitis and homologous serum _____

A

serum

jaundice

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37
Q

What is the incubation for Hep B?

A

50-180 days

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38
Q

True or false. Hep B can persist in the blood long after the symptoms have disappeared.

A

True

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39
Q

Are second attacks possible with hep B?

A

Yes

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40
Q

What is the major route of infection for Hep B?

A

contaminated blood

41
Q

Name 5 other areas where the virus can also be found in

A
  1. Saliva
  2. Semen
  3. Vaginal fluid
  4. Feces
  5. breast milk
42
Q

True or false. hep B can be spread by mouth and sexual intercourse

A

True

43
Q

True or false. All pregnant women should be screened for hep B surface antigen (HBsAg) as they can infect their newborn and the fetus can become infected during pregnancy.

A

True

44
Q

True or false. There is a higher incidence of hep B in male homosexuals

A

True

45
Q

True or false. There is no direct correlation between hep B and liver carcinoma?

A

False. There is

46
Q

Who is the hep B globulin recommended for? Name three

A
  1. Percutaneous or mucosa exposure to blood containing hep B
  2. Sexual contacts of persons with acute hep B
  3. The newborns of infected mothers
47
Q

True or false. You can donate blood 6 months after your infection and hep B

A

False. You can’t donate blood if your infected with hep B

48
Q

From what is the hep B vaccine produced from?

A

Yeast strain

49
Q

Define a syndrome in the viral gastroenteritis

A

A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize an abnormality

50
Q

Name the 4 characteristics of the viral gastroenteritis

A
  1. Absence of bacterial pathogens
  2. Rapid onset onset and recovery
  3. High communicability
  4. Age, season and geography are not factors
51
Q

Name the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, fever, chills, aching muscles and gastric pain

52
Q

Name the viruses that are the culprit in the cases of viral gastroenteritis

A

Rotaviruses and Norwalk

53
Q

Define what bacterial food poisoning is

A

A result of ingesting food which a toxin has been produced by a microbe. That microbe produced a toxin which causes the poison.

54
Q

True or false. Poising in the cases of bacterial food poisoning is due to a bacterial infection of the host as a result of eating a contaminated food

A

False. It not due

55
Q

Name the three major kinds of food poising

A
  1. Staphylococcal
  2. botulism
  3. Bacillus cereus
56
Q

What is the most common type of food poisoning?

A

Staphylococcal

57
Q

What is staphylococcal caused by in the cade of food poisoning?

A

Caused by a enterotoxin produced by toxigenic strains of staphylococcus aureus

58
Q

True or false. Staphylococcus is considered to be heat stable and survives boiling for 30 minutes or longer.

A

True

59
Q

What is the incubation period for staphylococcus food poisoning?

A

2-6 hours

60
Q

True or false. Is staphylococcus considered to be an infection?

A

No

61
Q

Most common foods involved in staphylococcus food poisoning are (5)

A
  1. precooked ham
  2. custard filled bakeries
  3. creamy salad dressings
  4. egg salad, meat salads and potato salads
62
Q

True or false. Botulism is not a serious form of food poisoning

A

False. It is the most serious

63
Q

What is Botulism food poisoning caused by?

A

An exotoxin produce by the Clostridium botulinum

64
Q

C. botulinum is a Gram ____, endospore-forming, obligately _____ rod.

A

Positive

anaerobic

65
Q

The C. botulism is one of the most potent poisons exotoxins known

A

True

66
Q

Is C. botulism considered to be hear labile?

A

True. it’s destroyed in 10 min of boiling

67
Q

What is the incubation period for C. botulism

A

18-36 hours

68
Q

What are the symptoms of C. botulism

A

Tiredness, weakness, dizziness, double vision, progressive difficulty in speaking and swallowing, difficulty breathing, abdominal dissension and constipation

69
Q

What is the mortality rate in C. botulism

A

10%

70
Q

What foods are most common involved in C. botulism

A

Home canned vegetables, canned meats

71
Q

What type of animals possess C. botulism in their intestinal tract?

A

Herbivorous animals

72
Q

True or false. C. botulism is extremely resistant to heat?

A

True

73
Q

Negative cells growing under _____ conditions produce the toxins C. botulism

A

Anaerobic

74
Q

Bacillus cereus is a large, Gram _____, endospore-forming ___.

A

Positive

rod

75
Q

How many kinds of B. cereus food poisoning exist?

A

2 types

76
Q

For the first type of B, cereus food poisoning, what is the incubation period, the symptoms and the duration?

A

10-12 hours, 12-24 hours and profuse diarrhea and occasional vomiting.

77
Q

For the second type of B. cereus food poisoning, what is the incubation period, the symptoms and the duration of the illness?

A

1-6 hours, vomiting with or without mild diarrhea, 6-24 hours.

78
Q

True or false. both types of B. cereus food poisoning is caused by an enterotoxin.

A

True

79
Q

What is a major source (food) of the B. cereus endospore?

A

Uncooked rice

80
Q

True or false. Is clostridium perfingens a food poisoning or food infection?

A

food infection

81
Q

Clostridium perrfringens is a Gram ____, endospore-forming, obligately ______ rod

A

positive

anaerobic

82
Q

What is the incubation period for Clostridium perfringens?

A

8-14 hours

83
Q

What are the symptoms of C perfringens?

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhea without vomitting

84
Q

What foods are most commonly involved in the C. perfringens food infection

A

Meat, meat products such as gravy

85
Q

Explain the 4 steps procedure in contracting the C. perfringens food infection.

A
  1. Food cooked but the heat resistant endospore is not killed.
  2. Since the food is not refrigerated, the endospores germinate and the vegetative cells multiply
  3. the cell enters the intestines and sporulate
  4. the sporulation cell releases the enterotoxin.
86
Q

True or false. There is no specific medicated treatment for food poisoning.

A

True

87
Q

What is the source of gastroenteritis caused by the bacterium Vibro parahemolyticus?

A

uncooked or partially cooked seafood- shellfish as it inhabits marine environment as it requires higher NaCl to survive.

88
Q

Vibro parahemolyticus is a Gram ____, curved ____

A

Negative

rod

89
Q

Campylobacter jejune is a smal, Gram____, curved ____ part of the Vibrionaceae.

A

negative

rod

90
Q

Name a few symptoms of enterocolitis and the causative agent.

A

Most common in children

Yersinia entercocolitica

91
Q

How to get gastroenteritis caused by campylobacter jejuni?

A

Mostly by contaminated chicken

92
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica is a small Gram ____ rod in the family of Enterobacteriaceae

A

Negative

93
Q

What are some symptoms of enterocolitis?

A

Fever, diarrhea and abdo pain.

94
Q

What are the sources of the bacterium that causes enterocolitis

A

raw milk, water, oysters and uncooked pork (common in European countries)

95
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is a small, Gram ____ rod that resembles the corynebacteria in morphology

A

Positive

96
Q

What are the sources of L. monocytogenes?

A

raw chicken, raw milk, milk products and uncooked vegetables

97
Q

True or false. Listeriosis is most often a meningitis?

A

True

98
Q

Who is most susceptible in contracting Listeriosis?

A

immunocompromised individuals and pregnant females as this can lead to fetal infection and still births (infection of the new born will take forms of meningitis, septicemia and widespread abscesses.

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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