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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are urinary tract infections mostly frequently caused by?

A

-Members of the resident flora of the colon and of the vagina.

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2
Q

Name the three microbes of the colon that contribute to UTIs.

A

Escherichia, Klebsielle, Proteus

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3
Q

Name the two microbes of the vagina that contribue to UTIs

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus and group B streotococci.

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4
Q

Describe the ascending route in which UTIs occur. (via route of enter etc).

A

The microbes enter the UT via the urethra and move up to infect the bladder and the kidneys.

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5
Q

Describe the hematogenous route.

A

Where there is microbes present in the blood due to an infection elsewhere, they are deposited and multiply in the kidneys.

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6
Q

What is urethritis?

A

Infection of the urethra.

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7
Q

What is Cystitis?

A

Infection of the bladder.

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8
Q

What is pyelonephrititis?

A

Infection of the kidneys.

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9
Q

What two reasons the females contract UTIs more than men?

A
  1. A shorter urethra.

2. A close proximity of the urinary meatus and the anus.

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10
Q

How can infections be prevented when speaking of urinary catheterization. Name two ways.

A
  1. Using a sterile catheter

2. Cleaning and disinfecting the external genitalia.

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11
Q

What type of treatment is most appropriate when treating UTIs.

A

Chemotherapeutic agents (antimicrobial agent).

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12
Q

True or false. Are susceptibility test important when addressing UTIs.

A

True.

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13
Q

Name the all the common antimicrobials used to combat UTIs. There is 6.

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, fosftomycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin.

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14
Q

Antimicrobials are commonly used for Gram-negative enteric resistant to which antimicrobials? Name three.

A
  1. Ciprofloxacin
  2. Amoxicillin with claculanic acid (a beta-lactamase inhibitor)
  3. Cephalexin
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15
Q

True or false. Pyelonephrititis is more complicated and takes into consideration a Gram stain result or urine culture.

A

True.

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16
Q

True or false. UTIs can’t be transmitted sexually?

A

Fale. They can

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17
Q

What is the causative agent of Gonorrhea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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18
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram negative, diplococci

19
Q

Describe what N. gonorrhoeae appears like under the microscope.

A

Two spheres that appear flattened where there is contact.

20
Q

True or false. The bacterium N. gonorrhoeae can be grown on blood agar.

A

True

21
Q

Describe the ideal incubation condition for N. gonorrhoeae. be exact in temperatures.

A

A moist atmosphere, 5% to 10% C02 and 37 degrees celsius.

22
Q

Define chocolate agar.

A

A non selective , enriched growth medium used for isolating pathogens.

23
Q

Define primary isolation.

A

The first time the microbe has grown away from the body.

24
Q

Describe the transmitting nature of N. gonorrhoeae.

A

Direct contact of sexual nature.

25
Q

Where does the N. gonorrhoeae infection originates from?

A

From the mucous membrane of the genitourinary tract.

26
Q

How is gonococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis can be contracted?

A

Oral-genetal intercourse.

27
Q

What are symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae infection?

A

Inflammatory responses such as arthritis and yellow discharge from the urethra and vagina.

28
Q

What is the incubation period of N. gonorrhoeae?

A

3-9 days.

29
Q

In the male, where can N. gonorrhoeae spread?

A

Prostate and epididymis (which can cause sterility).

30
Q

In the female, where can N. gonorrhoeae spread?

A

Urethra, vagina cervix and the fallopian tubes (which can cause sterility).

31
Q

True or false. gonorrhea rarely results in serious complications or death.

A

True

32
Q

What is a prevalent treatment for gonorrhea?

A

Sulfonamide-resistant

33
Q

What treatments are no longer recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea?

A

Penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracyclines.

34
Q

True or false, treatment for gonorrhea should also include treatment for chlamydial as well.

A

True

35
Q

What is the first choice of antimicrobial treatment for gonorrhea?

A

Cefixime or ceftriaxone IM

36
Q

What is the second choice of antimicrobial treatment for gonorrhea?

A

Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin or spectinomycin IM.

37
Q

What medicines would cover the Chlamydia trachomatis while treating gonorrhea?

A

One of azithromycin, doxycycline or erythromycin.

38
Q

Give two reasons as to why gonorrhea remains to be of high incidences?

A
  1. Acquired immunity does not exist.

2. Symptoms often fo unrecognized, especially in women.

39
Q

What was used in the eyes of newborns to prevent eye infections called gonococcal ophthalmia?

A

1% silver nitrate.

40
Q

True or false. Can gonococcal ophthalmia cause blindness?

A

True

41
Q

What has silver nitrate been replaced with (less irritating).

A

Erythromycin.

42
Q

Define the three steps in diagnosing gonorrhea?

A
  1. Smear of exudates and Gram stained. The gonococcus will appear pink diplococci.
  2. Laboratory cultivation is required especially in the cases of females.
    - Blood agar plates are swabbed and incubated in a moist atmosphere containing 5-10% carbon dioxide at 37 degrees celsius for 24-48 hours.
    - The colonies are round, raised and grayish.
  3. Colonies are subjected to oxidase test.
    - The plate is flooded with a few ml of 1% of para-aminodimenthylaniline mono hydrochloride.
    - The colonies are observed at 1 minute intervals for 15 mins. Neisseria colonies turn pink, maroon and black.
43
Q

True or false. The pathogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is due to its invasiveness.

A

True

44
Q

What is the invasiveness of gonorrhoea due to?

A

The result of the antiphagocytic nature of the polysaccharide capsule.

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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