Lecture 22

Question 1

What are urinary tract infections mostly frequently caused by?

Answer 1

-Members of the resident flora of the colon and of the vagina.

Question 2

Name the three microbes of the colon that contribute to UTIs.

Answer 2

Escherichia, Klebsielle, Proteus

Question 3

Name the two microbes of the vagina that contribue to UTIs

Answer 3

Staphylococcus saprophyticus and group B streotococci.

Question 4

Describe the ascending route in which UTIs occur. (via route of enter etc).

Answer 4

The microbes enter the UT via the urethra and move up to infect the bladder and the kidneys.

Question 5

Describe the hematogenous route.

Answer 5

Where there is microbes present in the blood due to an infection elsewhere, they are deposited and multiply in the kidneys.

Question 6

What is urethritis?

Answer 6

Infection of the urethra.

Question 7

What is Cystitis?

Answer 7

Infection of the bladder.

Question 8

What is pyelonephrititis?

Answer 8

Infection of the kidneys.

Question 9

What two reasons the females contract UTIs more than men?

Answer 9

1. A shorter urethra.

2. A close proximity of the urinary meatus and the anus.

Question 10

How can infections be prevented when speaking of urinary catheterization. Name two ways.

Answer 10

1. Using a sterile catheter

2. Cleaning and disinfecting the external genitalia.

Question 11

What type of treatment is most appropriate when treating UTIs.

Answer 11

Chemotherapeutic agents (antimicrobial agent).

Question 12

True or false. Are susceptibility test important when addressing UTIs.

Answer 12

True.

Question 13

Name the all the common antimicrobials used to combat UTIs. There is 6.

Answer 13

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, fosftomycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin.

Question 14

Antimicrobials are commonly used for Gram-negative enteric resistant to which antimicrobials? Name three.

Answer 14

1. Ciprofloxacin
2. Amoxicillin with claculanic acid (a beta-lactamase inhibitor)
3. Cephalexin

Question 15

True or false. Pyelonephrititis is more complicated and takes into consideration a Gram stain result or urine culture.

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

True or false. UTIs can’t be transmitted sexually?

Answer 16

Fale. They can

Question 17

What is the causative agent of Gonorrhea?

Answer 17

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 18

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria?

Answer 18

Gram negative, diplococci

Question 19

Describe what N. gonorrhoeae appears like under the microscope.

Answer 19

Two spheres that appear flattened where there is contact.

Question 20

True or false. The bacterium N. gonorrhoeae can be grown on blood agar.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Describe the ideal incubation condition for N. gonorrhoeae. be exact in temperatures.

Answer 21

A moist atmosphere, 5% to 10% C02 and 37 degrees celsius.

Question 22

Define chocolate agar.

Answer 22

A non selective , enriched growth medium used for isolating pathogens.

Question 23

Define primary isolation.

Answer 23

The first time the microbe has grown away from the body.

Question 24

Describe the transmitting nature of N. gonorrhoeae.

Answer 24

Direct contact of sexual nature.

Question 25

Where does the N. gonorrhoeae infection originates from?

Answer 25

From the mucous membrane of the genitourinary tract.

Question 26

How is gonococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis can be contracted?

Answer 26

Oral-genetal intercourse.

Question 27

What are symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae infection?

Answer 27

Inflammatory responses such as arthritis and yellow discharge from the urethra and vagina.

Question 28

What is the incubation period of N. gonorrhoeae?

Answer 28

3-9 days.

Question 29

In the male, where can N. gonorrhoeae spread?

Answer 29

Prostate and epididymis (which can cause sterility).

Question 30

In the female, where can N. gonorrhoeae spread?

Answer 30

Urethra, vagina cervix and the fallopian tubes (which can cause sterility).

Question 31

True or false. gonorrhea rarely results in serious complications or death.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What is a prevalent treatment for gonorrhea?

Answer 32

Sulfonamide-resistant

Question 33

What treatments are no longer recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea?

Answer 33

Penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracyclines.

Question 34

True or false, treatment for gonorrhea should also include treatment for chlamydial as well.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is the first choice of antimicrobial treatment for gonorrhea?

Answer 35

Cefixime or ceftriaxone IM

Question 36

What is the second choice of antimicrobial treatment for gonorrhea?

Answer 36

Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin or spectinomycin IM.

Question 37

What medicines would cover the Chlamydia trachomatis while treating gonorrhea?

Answer 37

One of azithromycin, doxycycline or erythromycin.

Question 38

Give two reasons as to why gonorrhea remains to be of high incidences?

Answer 38

1. Acquired immunity does not exist. | 2. Symptoms often fo unrecognized, especially in women.

Question 39

What was used in the eyes of newborns to prevent eye infections called gonococcal ophthalmia?

Answer 39

1% silver nitrate.

Question 40

True or false. Can gonococcal ophthalmia cause blindness?

Answer 40

True

Question 41

What has silver nitrate been replaced with (less irritating).

Answer 41

Erythromycin.

Question 42

Define the three steps in diagnosing gonorrhea?

Answer 42

1. Smear of exudates and Gram stained. The gonococcus will appear pink diplococci. 2. Laboratory cultivation is required especially in the cases of females. - Blood agar plates are swabbed and incubated in a moist atmosphere containing 5-10% carbon dioxide at 37 degrees celsius for 24-48 hours. - The colonies are round, raised and grayish. 3. Colonies are subjected to oxidase test. - The plate is flooded with a few ml of 1% of para-aminodimenthylaniline mono hydrochloride. - The colonies are observed at 1 minute intervals for 15 mins. Neisseria colonies turn pink, maroon and black.

Question 43

True or false. The pathogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is due to its invasiveness.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

What is the invasiveness of gonorrhoea due to?

Answer 44

The result of the antiphagocytic nature of the polysaccharide capsule.