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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the term we use to describe the collection of microbes that inhabit certain parts of the body?

A

a) Normal flora
b) Intestinal flora
c) Flora

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2
Q

True or false: The term normal flora, resident flora and indigenous flora are all the same.

A

True

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3
Q

What term is preferred rather than flora and why?

A

Microbiota. Considering that microbes are no longer classified as plants.

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4
Q

What three parts of the body are most in contact with the environment, thus contain microbes from the environment?

A

Skin, upper respiratory tract (nose and throat) and mouth.

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5
Q

What does the term transient mean?

A

That the microbe cannot persist in an area of the body.

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6
Q

True or false. Members of the normal flora can persist in particular areas of the body.

A

True. They find suitable niches in certain areas.

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7
Q

True or false: members of the normal flora are always harmful to the body.

A

False. They are sometimes beneficial, maybe harmful under certain conditions.

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8
Q

Are members of the floral unusual or usual host susceptibility?

A

Unusual host susceptibility.

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9
Q

True or false: blood contains members of the normal flora? Elaborate.

A

False. Blood does not usually have any microbes unless the presence of disease.

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10
Q

What members do the normal flora include?

A

Bacteria, fingi, protozoa and viruses.

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11
Q

Enumerate the layers of the skin.

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (also called the subcutaneous layer)

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12
Q

The skin contains what structures that open at the surface of the skin? Name three

A

Sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair follicules.

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13
Q

Name 9 microorganism that we can find on the skin

A

1: Staphylococcus epidermidis
2: Propionibacterium acnes
3: Corynebacterium species
4: Micrococcus species
5: Peptostreptococcus species
6: Neisseria species
7: Candida albicans (a yeast)
8: Pityrosporum ovale (a yeast)
9: Pityrosporum orbiculaire (a yeast)

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14
Q

What three areas also contain nonpathogenic Mycobacterium species?

A

1: the ear
2: the axillae
3: the genital area

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15
Q

What is the pH of skin secretions?

A

4-6

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16
Q

True or false. The surface of the skin is much too dry to support a large microbial community

A

True

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17
Q

Name seven areas of the body which there’s higher number of microbes on.

A

1: The scalp
2: Face
3: Ears
4: Underarms
5: Urinary regions
6: Anal regions
7: Between fingers and toes

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18
Q

True or false. The lowest number of microbes inhabit hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands where moisture content is high.

A

Fals. High numbers of microbes

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19
Q

How is underarm odour caused?

A

By the bacterial action on secretions from the sweat and sebaceous glands.

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20
Q

Name 4 reasons why foreign bacteria to the skin will not survive long when inoculated onto it.

A

1: The dryness
2: the acidic pH
3: The inability to compete with the members of the normal flora
4: The bactericidal nature of some skin secretions

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21
Q

True or false. The skin of the fetus is sterile and becomes infected during the birth process. Afterwards, it develops normal flora.

A

True

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22
Q

Define infected

A

Invasion and multiplication of an infectious agents in body tissues of the host and may lead to clinical symptoms or local cellular injury as a result of competition in metabolism, production of toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen antibody response.

23
Q

Name the structure that are included in the digestion tract (starting from head downwards).

A

Esophagus, stomach, small intestines, colon, rectum.

24
Q

True or false. The mouth has a normal flora.

A

False.

25
Q

The normal flora of the mouth include these:

A

Streptococcus species (alpha and gamma hemolytic)
Staphylococcus species (S. aureus and S. epidermis)
Micrococcus species
Lactobacillus species
Corynebacterium species
Neisseria species
Branhamella catarrhalis
Fusobacterium species (anaerobic, straight or curved rods with tapering ends, Gram negative).
Bifidobacterium species
Baceroides species (anaerobic, pleomorphic rods, Gram negative)
Veillonella species (anaerobic, Gram negative cocci, all cellular arrangements; complexe nutritional requirements)
Treponema species and Borrelia species (both are spirochaetes)
Actinomyces species
Candida albicans and other yeasts

26
Q

What is dental plaque consisted of?

A

Densely packed microbial cells.

27
Q

What microbe is found in plaque and is responsible for tooth decay?

A

Streptococcus mutans

28
Q

What does fluoride do to help fight the formation of carrie?

A

Makes the teeth more resistant to be attacked by the lactic acid that removed calcium from the tooth structure.

29
Q

What pH are gastric juices at?

A

pH of 2

30
Q

True or false, most microbes that enter the stomach are killed by gastric juices.

A

True

31
Q

What Gram negative curved rod coat the stomach lining causing stomach ulcers and gastritis?

A

Helicobacter pylori

32
Q

True or false: The lower and small intestines are actually alkaline.

A

True

33
Q

True or false: the acidity of the stomach and the bile of the small intestines suppress microbial growth.

A

True

34
Q

True or false: The lower intestines and the colon have a large varied microbial flora?

A

True

35
Q

True or false. Most of the intestinal bacteria are aerobes and facultative aerobes.

A

False. They are anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.

36
Q

What microbes does the normal flora of the intestines include? Name 8

A

1: Escherichia coli
2: Enterobacter aerogenes
3: Enterococcus faecalis
4: Lactobacillus species
5: Clostridium species
6: Bacteroides species
7: Fusobacterium speeches
8: Candida albicans other yeast

37
Q

Define disease

A

A departure from a state of health

38
Q

Define infectious disease

A

A disease that is caused by a microorganism

39
Q

True or false. Are all diseases noninfectious, other than infectious diseases?

A

True.

40
Q

Define infection

A

The process in which a microorganism becomes established within an individual.

41
Q

Infectious diseases are subdivided into two categories. Name the two.

A

1: Communicable diseases
2: Non-communicable diseases

42
Q

Define a communicable disease

A

They are transmitted from one to another. Ex: flu and cold.

43
Q

Define pathogen

A

A microbe that causes a disease

44
Q

Define a host

A

A host is the organic which is affected by the pathogen

45
Q

True or false. Virulence or pathogenicity is the capacity of a given strain of a microbial species to cause disease.

A

True

46
Q

Define opportunism when speaking of disease.

A

The disease production by a usually harmless member of the flora as a result of a chance event affecting the host rather than the microorganism.

47
Q

What is the postulates or Robert Koch. Name the four steps.

A
  1. The microorganism must be isolated form the cases of the disease.
  2. The microorganism must be isolated in pure culture.
  3. A pure culture of the microbe should cause disease to susceptible animals.
  4. From the experimental animal, the same microorganism must agin be isolated.
48
Q

Name two cases in which Robert’s Koch postulates cannot be applied.

A
  1. When the microbe cannot be cultivated away from the host. ex: Treponema pallidum
  2. When humans cannot be intentionally inoculated because it would be too dangerous.
49
Q

What is the formula when speaking of determining the establishment of an infectious disease.

A

P= NV
___
R

50
Q

When speaking of the factors formula what does the P, N,V,R stand for?

A 
P= Probability to a given pathogen that will result in disease.
N= Number of cells or viruses in the infected dose. 
V= Virulence of the pathogen.
R= Resistance of the host.
51
Q

Define resistance when speaking of disease.

A

Is the sum of immunity and natural resistance.

52
Q

What is the formula for resistance?

A

R = 1 + NR

53
Q

True or false. The probability of catching an infectious disease is related to the number of cells or viruses and their virulence and indirectly related to the resistance of the host.

A

True

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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