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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 26 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Is Neisseria meningitidis Gram positive or Gram negative?

A

Gram-negative diplococcus

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2
Q

What are the 5 serogroups of N meningitidis most commonly cause the disease?

A
  1. Group A
  2. Group B
  3. Group C
  4. Group Y
  5. Group W-135
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3
Q

Are the N. meningitidis virulent cells are encapsulated?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What disease does N. meningitidis cause?

A

Meningococcal meningitis

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5
Q

True or false. Non pathogenic species of Neisseria grow well on ordinary laboratory media and nutritional agar for example

A

True

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6
Q

What are pathogenic Neisseria species sensitive to in terms of agar?

A

Fatty acids and trace metals that are present in peptones and agar.

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7
Q

What can be added to the medium to eliminate the inhibitory effect of the Neisseria species?

A

The addition of serum of blood.

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8
Q

What is the preferred agar when testing Neisseria species?

A

Chocolate agar.

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9
Q

How is chocolate agar prepared?

A

Heating a medium like trypticase soy agar to 80 degrees celsius and adding defibrillated sheep blood to a concentration of 5%.

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10
Q

In chocolat agar, the heat ____ the ____ and releases hemoglobin.

A

Lyses

erythrocytes

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11
Q

True or false. Meningococcal meningitis is considered and epidemic disease considering it can be transmitted by respiratory secretions

A

True

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12
Q

Name 3 blood-borne meningitis that are sporadic cases of meningitis.

A
  1. Staphylococci
  2. Streptococci
  3. pneumococci
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13
Q

N. Meningitidi is present in the _______ of 4-5% of the normal population.

A

Nasopharynx

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14
Q

What are symptoms of N. meningiditis?

A

severe headache, high fever, shaking chills, stiff or sore neck. Severe are convulsions, coma and death.

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15
Q

Explain the diagnosis procedure of N. meningitidis microscopically speaking.

A

Smear of the spinal fluid and by cultures from the spinal fluid.

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16
Q

The antibiotics used to treat N. meningiditis must be able to diffuse through what?

A

The blood-brain barrier and the blood CSF barrier

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17
Q

What is the preferred antibiotic to use to treat N. meningiditis?

A

Third generations cephalosporins cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. They reach the highest concentration in the CSF.

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18
Q

True or false. Penicillins and cephalosporins are not an effective treatment for N. meningiditis.

A

True

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19
Q

What is the name of treatment for the individuals who have been in contact with and infected person of N. meningiditis?

A

Rifampin prophylaxis

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20
Q

What is the vaccine type for immunization against N. meningiditis?

A

Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines.

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21
Q

The antigen that stimulates the production of antibodies is extracted from the _____ capsule of the bacterium for the vaccination against N. meningiditis.

A

Polysaccharides.

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22
Q

Name the 2 vaccines that are available in Canada to immune against N. meningiditis?

A
  1. Quadrivalent vaccine

2. A monovalent vaccine

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23
Q

Who are the Quadrivalent vaccine intended for?

A

For groups A,C,Y and W-135. Recommended for high risk individuals. i.e military, asplenic

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24
Q

Who are the monovalent vaccines (Menjugate) intended for?

A

Group C, for children aged 12 months.

25
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-positive or Gram-negative coccobacillus?
Gram-negative
26
What is Bordetella pertussis the causative agent for?
Perussis, also known as whooping cough.
27
What is another common name for Bordetella pertussis?
Bordet-Genou bacillus after the name of the discovers
28
What does the disease pertussis infect?
The trachea and the bronchi
29
What is the incubation period for Bordetella pertussis?
7-16 days
30
Define the symptoms of the 1st stage of Pertussis.
Mild coughing and sneezing. Highly contagious period. This lasts for about 1-2 weeks.
31
Define the symptoms of the 2nd stage of Pertussis
Episodes of violent coughing followed by the sound of whoop when inhaling. There can be vomiting and convulsions in severe cases. This stage lasts 2 weeks followed by 2 weeks of convalescent period.
32
The diagnosis of Bodetella pertussis can be achieved by streaking a ______swab onto a Bordet-Gengou medium or having a patient cough on a plate of the same medium
Nasopharyngeal
33
The cotton swab used for the diagnosis process of Bordetella pertussis utilizes a 8" long flexible swab that is passed through the nostril to the ___________region
posterior pharyngeal
34
What types of antibiotics are favored when treating Bordetella pertussis?
Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin.
35
True or false. Antibiotic treatment for Bordetella pertussis only eliminate the pathogen from the nasopharynx.
True
36
How is B. pertussis exudates from the body?
As the bacterium grows on the mucous membrane of the trachea, a thick exudate is formed and expelled with difficulty.
37
What age group are most susceptible of catching B. pertussis?
under the age of 7 years old
38
How is immunization obtained for Pertussis?
Acellular pertussis vaccine.
39
What does Pertussis vaccine consist of?
Antigens extracted from the B. pertussis cells.
40
When is the Pertussis vaccine administered?
Is part of the DPTP, 2,4,6,18 months and 4-6 years.
41
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
42
What is another common name for Conynebacterium diphtheriae?
Klebs-Loeffler, discovered in 1884
43
Is Corynebacterium diphtheriae gram-positive or gram-negative?
Gram-positive.
44
What is the morphology of the corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Non motile rids, pleomorphic. Some are straight, some are curved and some have irregular swelling. they are club shaped in appearance.
45
True or false. Corynebacterium diphtheriae are endospore forming.
Fale. They are non-endospore forming
46
Why do the Corynebacterium diphtheriae stain unevenly?
they posses volition granules.
47
True or false. Corynebacterium diphtheriae grows well in blood agar?
True
48
What 2 other media favor the growth of C. diphtheriae over Streptococci and pneumococci?
1. Loeffler's coagulated blood serum | 2. Blood or chocolate agar with tellurite.
49
True or false. the C. diphtheriae is weakly invasive.
True
50
True or false. C. diphtheriae is highly virulent. If so, why?
True. due to the potency of the exotoxin that is produces.
51
In S. diphtheriae, the throat becomes inflamed as the bacteria grows and liberates their ____
exotoxin.
52
Define the formation of pseudomembrane when speaking of C. diphtheriae
As the bacteria grows, they liberate their exotoxins, this destroys the epithelium and the epithelium and bacterial cells become embedded in fibrin along with the red and white blood cells.
53
Name some serious effects of C. diphtheria
Blocking of the airways, myocarditis, sudden heart failure, paralysis, nephritis, circulatory failure.
54
In the case of C. diphtheriae, the toxin has its serious effect bu inhibiting ____ in _____cells
Protein synthesis | eucaryotic cells
55
How is the diagnosis process done in C. diphtheriae?
Isolating the bacterium from the infected area- a specific virulence test.
56
What is the treatment of C. diphtheriae?
Prompt injection with antitoxin along with antibiotics.
57
true or false, the antitoxin must be given simultaneously with antibiotics when treating C. diphtheriae?
True
58
How is immunization done via vaccines for C. diphtheriae?
using the diphtheria toxoid. The vaccine are administered at 2,4,6,18 months and 4-6 years old. booster also every 10 years after that.

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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