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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 26 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is Neisseria meningitidis Gram positive or Gram negative?

A

Gram-negative diplococcus

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2
Q

What are the 5 serogroups of N meningitidis most commonly cause the disease?

A
  1. Group A
  2. Group B
  3. Group C
  4. Group Y
  5. Group W-135
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3
Q

Are the N. meningitidis virulent cells are encapsulated?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What disease does N. meningitidis cause?

A

Meningococcal meningitis

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5
Q

True or false. Non pathogenic species of Neisseria grow well on ordinary laboratory media and nutritional agar for example

A

True

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6
Q

What are pathogenic Neisseria species sensitive to in terms of agar?

A

Fatty acids and trace metals that are present in peptones and agar.

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7
Q

What can be added to the medium to eliminate the inhibitory effect of the Neisseria species?

A

The addition of serum of blood.

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8
Q

What is the preferred agar when testing Neisseria species?

A

Chocolate agar.

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9
Q

How is chocolate agar prepared?

A

Heating a medium like trypticase soy agar to 80 degrees celsius and adding defibrillated sheep blood to a concentration of 5%.

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10
Q

In chocolat agar, the heat ____ the ____ and releases hemoglobin.

A

Lyses

erythrocytes

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11
Q

True or false. Meningococcal meningitis is considered and epidemic disease considering it can be transmitted by respiratory secretions

A

True

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12
Q

Name 3 blood-borne meningitis that are sporadic cases of meningitis.

A
  1. Staphylococci
  2. Streptococci
  3. pneumococci
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13
Q

N. Meningitidi is present in the _______ of 4-5% of the normal population.

A

Nasopharynx

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14
Q

What are symptoms of N. meningiditis?

A

severe headache, high fever, shaking chills, stiff or sore neck. Severe are convulsions, coma and death.

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15
Q

Explain the diagnosis procedure of N. meningitidis microscopically speaking.

A

Smear of the spinal fluid and by cultures from the spinal fluid.

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16
Q

The antibiotics used to treat N. meningiditis must be able to diffuse through what?

A

The blood-brain barrier and the blood CSF barrier

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17
Q

What is the preferred antibiotic to use to treat N. meningiditis?

A

Third generations cephalosporins cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. They reach the highest concentration in the CSF.

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18
Q

True or false. Penicillins and cephalosporins are not an effective treatment for N. meningiditis.

A

True

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19
Q

What is the name of treatment for the individuals who have been in contact with and infected person of N. meningiditis?

A

Rifampin prophylaxis

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20
Q

What is the vaccine type for immunization against N. meningiditis?

A

Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines.

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21
Q

The antigen that stimulates the production of antibodies is extracted from the _____ capsule of the bacterium for the vaccination against N. meningiditis.

A

Polysaccharides.

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22
Q

Name the 2 vaccines that are available in Canada to immune against N. meningiditis?

A
  1. Quadrivalent vaccine

2. A monovalent vaccine

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23
Q

Who are the Quadrivalent vaccine intended for?

A

For groups A,C,Y and W-135. Recommended for high risk individuals. i.e military, asplenic

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24
Q

Who are the monovalent vaccines (Menjugate) intended for?

A

Group C, for children aged 12 months.

25
Q

Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-positive or Gram-negative coccobacillus?

A

Gram-negative

26
Q

What is Bordetella pertussis the causative agent for?

A

Perussis, also known as whooping cough.

27
Q

What is another common name for Bordetella pertussis?

A

Bordet-Genou bacillus after the name of the discovers

28
Q

What does the disease pertussis infect?

A

The trachea and the bronchi

29
Q

What is the incubation period for Bordetella pertussis?

A

7-16 days

30
Q

Define the symptoms of the 1st stage of Pertussis.

A

Mild coughing and sneezing. Highly contagious period. This lasts for about 1-2 weeks.

31
Q

Define the symptoms of the 2nd stage of Pertussis

A

Episodes of violent coughing followed by the sound of whoop when inhaling. There can be vomiting and convulsions in severe cases. This stage lasts 2 weeks followed by 2 weeks of convalescent period.

32
Q

The diagnosis of Bodetella pertussis can be achieved by streaking a ______swab onto a Bordet-Gengou medium or having a patient cough on a plate of the same medium

A

Nasopharyngeal

33
Q

The cotton swab used for the diagnosis process of Bordetella pertussis utilizes a 8” long flexible swab that is passed through the nostril to the ___________region

A

posterior pharyngeal

34
Q

What types of antibiotics are favored when treating Bordetella pertussis?

A

Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin.

35
Q

True or false. Antibiotic treatment for Bordetella pertussis only eliminate the pathogen from the nasopharynx.

A

True

36
Q

How is B. pertussis exudates from the body?

A

As the bacterium grows on the mucous membrane of the trachea, a thick exudate is formed and expelled with difficulty.

37
Q

What age group are most susceptible of catching B. pertussis?

A

under the age of 7 years old

38
Q

How is immunization obtained for Pertussis?

A

Acellular pertussis vaccine.

39
Q

What does Pertussis vaccine consist of?

A

Antigens extracted from the B. pertussis cells.

40
Q

When is the Pertussis vaccine administered?

A

Is part of the DPTP, 2,4,6,18 months and 4-6 years.

41
Q

What is the causative agent of diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

42
Q

What is another common name for Conynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Klebs-Loeffler, discovered in 1884

43
Q

Is Corynebacterium diphtheriae gram-positive or gram-negative?

A

Gram-positive.

44
Q

What is the morphology of the corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Non motile rids, pleomorphic. Some are straight, some are curved and some have irregular swelling. they are club shaped in appearance.

45
Q

True or false. Corynebacterium diphtheriae are endospore forming.

A

Fale. They are non-endospore forming

46
Q

Why do the Corynebacterium diphtheriae stain unevenly?

A

they posses volition granules.

47
Q

True or false. Corynebacterium diphtheriae grows well in blood agar?

A

True

48
Q

What 2 other media favor the growth of C. diphtheriae over Streptococci and pneumococci?

A
  1. Loeffler’s coagulated blood serum

2. Blood or chocolate agar with tellurite.

49
Q

True or false. the C. diphtheriae is weakly invasive.

A

True

50
Q

True or false. C. diphtheriae is highly virulent. If so, why?

A

True. due to the potency of the exotoxin that is produces.

51
Q

In S. diphtheriae, the throat becomes inflamed as the bacteria grows and liberates their ____

A

exotoxin.

52
Q

Define the formation of pseudomembrane when speaking of C. diphtheriae

A

As the bacteria grows, they liberate their exotoxins, this destroys the epithelium and the epithelium and bacterial cells become embedded in fibrin along with the red and white blood cells.

53
Q

Name some serious effects of C. diphtheria

A

Blocking of the airways, myocarditis, sudden heart failure, paralysis, nephritis, circulatory failure.

54
Q

In the case of C. diphtheriae, the toxin has its serious effect bu inhibiting ____ in _____cells

A

Protein synthesis

eucaryotic cells

55
Q

How is the diagnosis process done in C. diphtheriae?

A

Isolating the bacterium from the infected area- a specific virulence test.

56
Q

What is the treatment of C. diphtheriae?

A

Prompt injection with antitoxin along with antibiotics.

57
Q

true or false, the antitoxin must be given simultaneously with antibiotics when treating C. diphtheriae?

A

True

58
Q

How is immunization done via vaccines for C. diphtheriae?

A

using the diphtheria toxoid. The vaccine are administered at 2,4,6,18 months and 4-6 years old. booster also every 10 years after that.

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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