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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 28 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 Flashcards

1
Q

The common cold is an infection of ____.

A

Upper respiratory tract.

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2
Q

What are other symptoms of common cold.

A

sore throat
fever
nasal discharge

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3
Q

what is the incubation period for the common cold. How long does the cold usually last?

A

1-3 days

7 days

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4
Q

What 4 viruses are responsible for the common cold?

A
  1. Rhinoviruses
  2. Reoviruses
  3. Parainfluenza viruses
  4. Respiratory Syncytial viruses
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5
Q

The parainfluenza virus is restricted in adults to the_____

A

upper respiratory tract.

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6
Q

For infants, the parainfluenza can invade the _____ and lead to pneumonia

A

lower respiratory tract.

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7
Q

What viruses can cause croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) in children?

A

Parainfluenza virus

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8
Q

The respiratory Syncytial viruses is restricted to ______ in adults.

A

The upper respiratory tract and is a mild disease.

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9
Q

What virus is responsible to half of all cases of bronchiolitis and a quarter of all pneumonias in the first 6 months of life?

A

Respiratory Syncytial viruses.

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10
Q

True or false. The antibody for Respiratory Syncytial viruses crosses the placenta, therefore, resulting in immunity in the child.

A

False. It does not cross the placenta

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11
Q

How long is a periodic immunity following the disease of the Respiratory Syncytial viruses?

A

Up to 2 years.

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12
Q

True or false. Antibiotics are ineffective as they fo not contain the antigenic material from each cold viruses.

A

True

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13
Q

Where does the Adenoviruses cause infections in the human body?

A
  • The upper respiratory tract.
  • the lower respiratory tract
  • the eye
  • possible intestinal tract in children
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14
Q

True or false. Some human adenoviruses cause carcinomas

A

True

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15
Q

What is an adenoid?

A

the tissue forming a prominence on the wall of the nasopharynx

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16
Q

What are the major symptoms of the influenza flu

A

Fever and aching muscles.

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17
Q

What is the incubation period for the influenza flu?

A

1-2 days

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18
Q

The worst case of the influenza flu was known as the epidemic that occurred in 1918-19 known as____.

A

the Spanish flu

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19
Q

Name the three types of immunological types of influenza viruses. Which are they?

A
  1. Type A that possess the A antigen in their capsids.
  2. Type B viruses that possess the antigen B in their capsids
  3. Type C viruses that possess the C antigen in their capsids.
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20
Q

Define a capsid

A

The protein coat of a virus and that surrounds the viral nucleic acid.

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21
Q

For type A influenza, name the 2 key antigens that it possesses with regards to immunity.

A
  1. Hemagglutinin

2. Neuraminidase

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22
Q

What do hemagglutinin resemble? How does this serve their function?

A

Spikes that are protruding fro the viral surface. They allow the virus to attach to host cells.

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23
Q

What is the function of neuraminidase.

A

They contain spikes that protrudes from the surface, however, allow the virus to penetrate the host cell.

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24
Q

What is a antigenic drift when speaking of type A influenza.

A

When there is minor change in the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase due to mutations.

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25
What is a antigenic shift when speaking of type A influenza.
When there is a major change in the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase due to event called generic recombination.
26
What causes pandemics results? antigenic shifts or drifts?
Shifts.
27
True or false. Influenza B only infect humans
True
28
True or false. B influenza undergo a antigenic shift to infect
False. They undergo a antigenic drift.
29
True or false. Type C influenza can infect only humans and are not sources of epidemics or pandemics.
True
30
Name three historical pandemics (with dates) that have resulted in an antigenic shifts of the Influenza type A virus.
1. 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1) 2. 1957 Asian flu (H2N2) 3. 1968 Hong Kong flue (H3N2)
31
How many subtype possibilities of influenza exist in aquatic birds? Elaborate on the H possibilities and the N possibilities.
144 subtypes H 1-16 possibilities N 1-9 possibilities
32
What is currently circulation of a human influenza subtype?
H3N2 and H1N1
33
What are the most common causes of death of influenza?
Lower respiratory tract causing pneumonia.
34
What are the 4 secondary invaders of the influenza bacteria?
1-Staphylococcus aureus 2-the pneumococcus 3-Haemophilus influenza 4-a beta-hemolytic streptococcus
35
True or false. Cases of influenza are not treated.
True
36
True or false. Immunization is possible via vaccine of circulating strains of influenza C
False. Only immune to circulating stains of influenza A
37
Explain why the flu shot needs to be constantly altered.
The vaccine must be altered as the hemagglutinin and neuraminidiase antigens change
38
The flu shot is a _____ (chemically disrupted) preparation. This was previously referred to as a _____ vaccine.
spit -virus | subunit
39
What does the mumps enlarge in the human body?
A nonsuppurative enlargement of one or both parotid glands.
40
What is the parotid gland?
It's the largest of the three paired salivary glands.
41
What is the incubation period of mumps?
14-28 days
42
What can the mumps virus also affect?
The brain, meninges, heart, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
43
What is the infection called?
Oophoritis. This occurs to 5% of adult females.
44
What is the infection of the testes called?
Orchitis. This occurs to 15-25 of adult males.
45
How many days preceding the first symptom can a person transmit mumps?
6 days
46
Inapparent infection does occur in mumps. This can also result in ____ the patient.
Immunize
47
True or false. Immunity is permanent after a single infection of mumps.
True
48
True or false. The mother passes her immunity to mumps via placenta or breast milk known as passive immunity.
True
49
How is vaccination done when speaking of mumps?
Using live attenuated virus vaccine.
50
Vaccine of mumps are recommended to whom?
Children aged 12 months or older (given with measles and rubella vaccine called MMR) individuals who have not had mumps.
51
When is the MMR booster recommended?
16-18 months
52
What are two other names to describe measles?
1-red measles | 2-Rubeola
53
True or false. Measles is extremely contagious.
True
54
What are the symptoms of measles?
Cough,fever, photophobia, conjunctivitis and rash
55
How long are individuals with measles contagious for?
3-5 days after the rash appears
56
What are a diagnosis process to determine measles?
Observing if the patients has Koplik spots, bright red spots with bluish-yellow center specks.
57
Name some complications from measles.
Death -bronchopneumonia otitis media due to pneumococci or beta-hemolytic streptococci -encephalitis (1-1000 reported cases).
58
True or false. Immunity is permanent after infection
True
59
Is there acquired passive immunity for measles?
yes
60
True or false. Immunization for measles is done by line attenuated virus vaccine.
True
61
Whe is the measles vaccine given?
12 months as part of the MMR ad booster at age 16-18 months.

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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