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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 28 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The common cold is an infection of ____.

A

Upper respiratory tract.

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2
Q

What are other symptoms of common cold.

A

sore throat
fever
nasal discharge

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3
Q

what is the incubation period for the common cold. How long does the cold usually last?

A

1-3 days

7 days

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4
Q

What 4 viruses are responsible for the common cold?

A
  1. Rhinoviruses
  2. Reoviruses
  3. Parainfluenza viruses
  4. Respiratory Syncytial viruses
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5
Q

The parainfluenza virus is restricted in adults to the_____

A

upper respiratory tract.

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6
Q

For infants, the parainfluenza can invade the _____ and lead to pneumonia

A

lower respiratory tract.

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7
Q

What viruses can cause croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) in children?

A

Parainfluenza virus

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8
Q

The respiratory Syncytial viruses is restricted to ______ in adults.

A

The upper respiratory tract and is a mild disease.

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9
Q

What virus is responsible to half of all cases of bronchiolitis and a quarter of all pneumonias in the first 6 months of life?

A

Respiratory Syncytial viruses.

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10
Q

True or false. The antibody for Respiratory Syncytial viruses crosses the placenta, therefore, resulting in immunity in the child.

A

False. It does not cross the placenta

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11
Q

How long is a periodic immunity following the disease of the Respiratory Syncytial viruses?

A

Up to 2 years.

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12
Q

True or false. Antibiotics are ineffective as they fo not contain the antigenic material from each cold viruses.

A

True

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13
Q

Where does the Adenoviruses cause infections in the human body?

A
  • The upper respiratory tract.
  • the lower respiratory tract
  • the eye
  • possible intestinal tract in children
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14
Q

True or false. Some human adenoviruses cause carcinomas

A

True

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15
Q

What is an adenoid?

A

the tissue forming a prominence on the wall of the nasopharynx

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16
Q

What are the major symptoms of the influenza flu

A

Fever and aching muscles.

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17
Q

What is the incubation period for the influenza flu?

A

1-2 days

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18
Q

The worst case of the influenza flu was known as the epidemic that occurred in 1918-19 known as____.

A

the Spanish flu

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19
Q

Name the three types of immunological types of influenza viruses. Which are they?

A
  1. Type A that possess the A antigen in their capsids.
  2. Type B viruses that possess the antigen B in their capsids
  3. Type C viruses that possess the C antigen in their capsids.
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20
Q

Define a capsid

A

The protein coat of a virus and that surrounds the viral nucleic acid.

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21
Q

For type A influenza, name the 2 key antigens that it possesses with regards to immunity.

A
  1. Hemagglutinin

2. Neuraminidase

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22
Q

What do hemagglutinin resemble? How does this serve their function?

A

Spikes that are protruding fro the viral surface. They allow the virus to attach to host cells.

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23
Q

What is the function of neuraminidase.

A

They contain spikes that protrudes from the surface, however, allow the virus to penetrate the host cell.

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24
Q

What is a antigenic drift when speaking of type A influenza.

A

When there is minor change in the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase due to mutations.

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25
Q

What is a antigenic shift when speaking of type A influenza.

A

When there is a major change in the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase due to event called generic recombination.

26
Q

What causes pandemics results? antigenic shifts or drifts?

A

Shifts.

27
Q

True or false. Influenza B only infect humans

A

True

28
Q

True or false. B influenza undergo a antigenic shift to infect

A

False. They undergo a antigenic drift.

29
Q

True or false. Type C influenza can infect only humans and are not sources of epidemics or pandemics.

A

True

30
Q

Name three historical pandemics (with dates) that have resulted in an antigenic shifts of the Influenza type A virus.

A
  1. 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1)
  2. 1957 Asian flu (H2N2)
  3. 1968 Hong Kong flue (H3N2)
31
Q

How many subtype possibilities of influenza exist in aquatic birds? Elaborate on the H possibilities and the N possibilities.

A

144 subtypes
H 1-16 possibilities
N 1-9 possibilities

32
Q

What is currently circulation of a human influenza subtype?

A

H3N2 and H1N1

33
Q

What are the most common causes of death of influenza?

A

Lower respiratory tract causing pneumonia.

34
Q

What are the 4 secondary invaders of the influenza bacteria?

A

1-Staphylococcus aureus
2-the pneumococcus
3-Haemophilus influenza
4-a beta-hemolytic streptococcus

35
Q

True or false. Cases of influenza are not treated.

A

True

36
Q

True or false. Immunization is possible via vaccine of circulating strains of influenza C

A

False. Only immune to circulating stains of influenza A

37
Q

Explain why the flu shot needs to be constantly altered.

A

The vaccine must be altered as the hemagglutinin and neuraminidiase antigens change

38
Q

The flu shot is a _____ (chemically disrupted) preparation. This was previously referred to as a _____ vaccine.

A

spit -virus

subunit

39
Q

What does the mumps enlarge in the human body?

A

A nonsuppurative enlargement of one or both parotid glands.

40
Q

What is the parotid gland?

A

It’s the largest of the three paired salivary glands.

41
Q

What is the incubation period of mumps?

A

14-28 days

42
Q

What can the mumps virus also affect?

A

The brain, meninges, heart, pancreas, ovaries and testes.

43
Q

What is the infection called?

A

Oophoritis. This occurs to 5% of adult females.

44
Q

What is the infection of the testes called?

A

Orchitis. This occurs to 15-25 of adult males.

45
Q

How many days preceding the first symptom can a person transmit mumps?

A

6 days

46
Q

Inapparent infection does occur in mumps. This can also result in ____ the patient.

A

Immunize

47
Q

True or false. Immunity is permanent after a single infection of mumps.

A

True

48
Q

True or false. The mother passes her immunity to mumps via placenta or breast milk known as passive immunity.

A

True

49
Q

How is vaccination done when speaking of mumps?

A

Using live attenuated virus vaccine.

50
Q

Vaccine of mumps are recommended to whom?

A

Children aged 12 months or older (given with measles and rubella vaccine called MMR) individuals who have not had mumps.

51
Q

When is the MMR booster recommended?

A

16-18 months

52
Q

What are two other names to describe measles?

A

1-red measles

2-Rubeola

53
Q

True or false. Measles is extremely contagious.

A

True

54
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Cough,fever, photophobia, conjunctivitis and rash

55
Q

How long are individuals with measles contagious for?

A

3-5 days after the rash appears

56
Q

What are a diagnosis process to determine measles?

A

Observing if the patients has Koplik spots, bright red spots with bluish-yellow center specks.

57
Q

Name some complications from measles.

A

Death
-bronchopneumonia
otitis media due to pneumococci or beta-hemolytic streptococci
-encephalitis (1-1000 reported cases).

58
Q

True or false. Immunity is permanent after infection

A

True

59
Q

Is there acquired passive immunity for measles?

A

yes

60
Q

True or false. Immunization for measles is done by line attenuated virus vaccine.

A

True

61
Q

Whe is the measles vaccine given?

A

12 months as part of the MMR ad booster at age 16-18 months.

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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