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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 27 > Flashcards

Lecture 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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2
Q

What is the common name of M. tuberculosis?

A

Tubercle bacillus

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3
Q

How long could it take to see M. tuberculosis in a medium due to it’s doubling rime of 20h?

A

6 weeks

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4
Q

What is the related microbe of M. tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium bovis

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5
Q

How is M. bovis acquired?

A

by ingesting milk from an infected cow. This disease causes bone infection

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6
Q

How is M. tuberculosis appreciated in x-rays?

A

calcified nodes

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7
Q

If multiplication is not stopped, tuberculosis can cause… (name 4 )

A
  1. tuberculous peritonitis. This is the inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
  2. tuberculous meningitis
  3. milliard tuberculosis, this causes lesions to various parts of the body.
  4. pulmonary tuberculosis, where it’s confined to the lungs.
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8
Q

True or false. Tuberculosis may not be evident for 10-15 years before the body breaks down and allowprogressive pulmonary tuberculosis

A

True

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9
Q

What is the primary lesion of tuberculosis?

A

Tubercule

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10
Q

Define what a tubercle is.

A

A small nodule consisting of a mass cells surrounding the tubercle bacilli.

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11
Q

Name the 2 types of tubercles.

A
  1. Exudative type

2. Productive type

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12
Q

Define the exudative type of tubercle.

A

There is an inflammatory response which increases fluid, PMN’s and monocytes surrounding the bacteria. If the bacteria is not controlled at this stage, a lesion can result.

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13
Q

Define the productive type of tubercle.

A

Necrosis of the central tissue of the tubercle. The necrotic tissue is converted to a granular amorphous mass called caseation.

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14
Q

Further explain the process called caseation in the productive type of tubercle.

A

A mass resembling cheese occurs called the caseation. The caseous lesion can breakdown to allow further spread of the tubercle bacilli or it could heal.

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15
Q

Name some early evidence of tuberculosis.

A

Cough, loss of weight, fatigue, afternoon fever hoarseness, pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura) and hemoptysis (spitting up blood).

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16
Q

Define what old tuberculin is

A

A concentrated filtrate of broth in which tubercle bacilli has grown for 6 weeks.

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17
Q

What is the preferred material for skin testing for tuberculosis?

A

A purified protein derivative (PPD).

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18
Q

How is PPD obtained?

A

By chemical fractionation of the old tuberculin.

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19
Q

Testing for tuberculosis is done by what means? What is it called?

A

A small amount of tuberculin is injected intracutaneously. The Mantoux test.

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20
Q

How does a positive tuberculosis test occur?

A

It’s indicated by the formation of an indurated area of greater than 10 mm in diameter. The area become more pronounced with time, up to 96h.

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21
Q

True or false. The tuberculosis test is a hypersensitivity to products of the bacterium.

A

True

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22
Q

True or false. In adults, the tuberculin test does not necessarily mean an existing infection. A positive test in children, however, indicate an infection.

A

True

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23
Q

Describe what treatment consists of for tuberculosis.

A

Rest, Nourishing diet, surgery (remove lung if require), chemo.

24
Q

In regards to chemotherapy, name the 5 medications that are used.

A
  1. Isoniazid (INH)
  2. Rifampin
  3. Ethambutol
  4. Pyrazinamide
  5. Streptomycin
25
Q

A vaccine against M. tuberculosis exists, it does not contain the bacterium, but rather….

A

Live attenuated cells of the bovine strain Mycobacterium bovid. It’s referred to as BCG (bacillus of Calmette and Guerin.

26
Q

What is the causative agent of leprosy?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

27
Q

True or false. M. leprae is similar to M. tuberculosis in terms of morphology and staining characteristics.

A

True

28
Q

What is the portal of entry for M. leprae?

A

The respiratory tract or possibly the skin

29
Q

Defie Lepormatous leprosy

A

-The bacterial cells are founds in most organs. The most serious effects are the level of the skin, nerves and testes. –Blindness

30
Q

Lepromatous leprosy occurs in individuals who have a defective system of _________ immunity.

A

Cell-mediated

31
Q

Define tuberculin leprosy

A
  • Tuberculin leprosy can cause death, however, is often self limiting and can disappear on its own.
  • there is skin damage and lesions
32
Q

M. leprea is an ______ bacterium

A

Acid-fast bacilli.

33
Q

True or false. those with lepromatous leprosy must take drug like dapsone for life.

A

True

34
Q

What treatment options (drugs) are used to suppress the growth of M. leprae?

A

Sulfones )like promin, dissone and dapsone), rifampin, clofazimine. The drugs are used in combination

35
Q

True or false. A vaccine for M. leprae is under development. To produce a vaccine, M. leprae can be recovered the spleen and liver of infected armadillos and certain monkeys.

A

True

36
Q

Haemophilus influenza is a Gram-negative _______

A

coccobacillus

37
Q

What is the common name for Haemophilus influenza?

A

Pfeiffer’s bacillus

38
Q

What does H. influenza require for growth….more specifically what is in that component that is required for growth?

A

Blood- factors x and V that are required for growth.

39
Q

What is factor X?

A

is hemin- a derivative of hemoglobin

40
Q

What is V?

A

Is a coenzyme of nicotinamide adenine dinulceotide (NAD+).

41
Q

True of false. H. influenza is a secondary invader meaning…

A

It follows vial infection such s the common cold and influenzas.

42
Q

True or false. In some severe cases, H. influenza can cause secondary bacterial pneumonia?

A

True

43
Q

H. influenzae type b is abbreviated____ considering it is the cause of two primary infection in children 1. ______ 2._______

A

hib
Meningitis
Epiglottitis

44
Q

H. influenzea most infect children between ___ and___.

A

6 months-3 years

45
Q

How do you treat H. influenzae?

A

Cephalospirins, cefotaxime or ceftriaxone.

46
Q

How many him vaccines are licensed to use in Canada?

A

4

47
Q

What does the DPTP vaccine include? When is it administered?

A

Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio and hib. It’s given at 2,4,6 and 16-18 months.

48
Q

What is Haemophilus aegyptius the causative agents for?

A

Eye infection known as conjunctivitis. Termed pink eye.

49
Q

True or false. About 32-50% pf pink eye are cases of bacterial etiology.

A

True

50
Q

What bacteria is Haemophilus aegyptius very similar to?

A

Haemophilus influenza

51
Q

What is a common name for H aegyptius?

A

Koch-Weeks bacillus

52
Q

What bodily discharged contain the bacterium of H. agyptius

A

Tears and upper respiratory tract.

53
Q

How long does the H. aegyptius infection last?

A

3 days to 2 weeks

54
Q

Describe light symptoms of H. aegyptius

A

Conjunctiva slight discharge.

55
Q

Describe severe symptoms of H. aegyptius.

A

Severe inflammation, lacrimation, swelling of the eyelids, photophobia and purulent discharge.

56
Q

True or false, when speaking of H aegyptius, washcloths, bed linens and towels are infected with the bacterium

A

True

57
Q

Latter treatments of H. aegyptius are…

A
  • erythromycin ointment
  • fucidin drops
  • sulfacetamide sodium drops
  • trimethoprim-polymyxin B drops
  • neomycin-gramicidin-polymyxin B drops.

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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