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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 30 > Flashcards

Lecture 30 Flashcards

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1
Q

What two diseases are referred to as enteric fevers? Name the two.

A

Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fevers

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2
Q

What bacterium causes Typhoid fever?

A

Salmonella typhi

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3
Q

S. typhi is a Gram _____, ___-shaped bacterium.

A

negative

rod

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4
Q

What is the incubation period for S. typhi?

A

10-14 days

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5
Q

Describe the disease of S. typhi.

A

The inflammation if the small intestine, particularly the smaller portion of the ileum.

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6
Q

True or false. In the case of S. typhi, the intestine can become ulcerated.

A

True

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7
Q

True or false. Rose spots can appear on the abdomen in the case of S. typhi as it can invade the skin.

A

True

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of S. typhi?

A

Fever, headaches, loss of appetite, weakness, abdominal pain and possibly rose sports on the abdomen.

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9
Q

What are the primary source of the bacterium?

A

Feces and urine

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10
Q

What are 2 possibilities when confirming the diagnosis?

A
  1. Isolation of the bacterium from blood, feces, or urine.

2. Performance of the Widal test.

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11
Q

Define what the Widal test does.

A

This test demonstrates the antibodies in the patient’s serum.

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12
Q

What can a positive Widal test determine? Name the three possibilities.

A
  1. Carriers
  2. Those who have the disease
  3. Those who have been immunized
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13
Q

What should be added to the tidal test in order to identify an old infection to a new one?

A

2-mercaptoethanol

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14
Q

What does 2-meracoptetoethanol do when speaking of the Widal test.

A

This agent more easily denatures the IgM class of antibodies, so if a decrease in the titer is seen after using this agent, it means that the contribution of IgM has been removed leaving the IgG component. This differentiation of antibody classes is important as it allows for the distinction of a recent (IgM) from an old infection (IgG).

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15
Q

Explain how chloramphenicol is effective in treating typhoid fever.

A

It shows a reduction in the fever time.

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16
Q

Name 2 side effects of using chloramphenicol to treat typhoid fever.

A
  1. It must be taken for a least 2 weeks to avoid recurrent fever attacks.
  2. There could be a possibility of aplastic anemia (incomplete development of red blood cells.)
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17
Q

What are other drugs of choice for treating Typhoid fever? Name 3

A
  1. Ampicillin
  2. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
  3. Ciprofloxacin
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18
Q

What vaccines are used against Typhoid fever? Name and explain the 2 options.

A
  1. Oral vaccine that consists of live, attenuated bacterial cells.
  2. An injectable vaccine that contains antigen from the capsular polysaccharide of a strain of S. typhi
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19
Q

Who is the Typoid immunization recommended for?

A

People who are 2 years and older traveling to South Asia

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20
Q

What is the causative agent of paratyphoid fever?

A

Salmonella paratyphi, A,B and C

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21
Q

What are other names for salmonella A, B and C?

A

Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella schottmuelleri, and Salmonella hirschfeldii.

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22
Q

What is the incubation period for paratyphoid fever?

A

1-10 days

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23
Q

Paratyphoid fever is milder or more serious than typhoid fever?

A

milder

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24
Q

What is the treatment for paratyphoid fever?

A

The same as typhoid fever

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25
Q

What is Salmonella septicemias caused by?

A

Various species of Salmonella, specifically Salmonella choleraesuis

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26
Q

True or false. Early invasion of the bloodstream follows ingestion of the bacteria.

A

True

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27
Q

Name 5 results of contracting Salmonella

A
  1. Abscesses
  2. Meningitis
  3. Osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone marrow)
  4. Pneumonia
  5. Endocarditis
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28
Q

What is the treatment for salmonella?

A

The same as typhoid fever

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29
Q

What are the causative agents of Gastroenteritis? Name the 3

A
  1. S. typhimirium
  2. S. enteritidis
  3. S. newport
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30
Q

Gastroenteritis follows ingestion of contaminated ____ and ____.

A

Food

Water

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31
Q

What is the incubation period of gastroenteritis?

A

8-48 hours

32
Q

What are the symptoms of gastroenteritis?

A

Vomiting
nausea
diarrhea
slight rise in temperature

33
Q

True or false, the bacteria of gastroenteritis enters the blood stream

A

False

34
Q

What is another term that microbiologist use to describe gastroenteritis?

A

Food infection as the microbes are ingested.

35
Q

How do food become contaminated in the case of gastroenteritis?

A
  1. Some domestic animals and their meat or meat products contain the bacteria.
  2. Eggs from infected chickens
  3. Food becomes contaminated during storage and during preparation.
  4. Rats and mice carry the bacteria
36
Q

Treatment

A

Rest and replacement of fluids.

37
Q

Are antibiotics recommended for gastroenteritis?

A

No

38
Q

What temperature is Salmonellae killed at?

A

60 degrees celsius or 140 Fahrenheit

39
Q

What foods are involved in the cases of gastroenteritis?

A

Raw meats, poultry, fish, eggs, dogs, cats, turtles, birds and fish.

40
Q

What is the causative agent of Bacillary dysentery?

A

species of Shigella

41
Q

Shigella is a Gram_____.

A

Negative

42
Q

What is the morphology of Shigella?

A

Rods

43
Q

Define what Bacillary dysentery is

A

The inflammation of the large intestines.

44
Q

What is the incubation period of Bacillary dysentery

A

1-7 days

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Bacillary dysentery?

A

Fever, abdominal pain, stomach cramps and diarrhea.

46
Q

What is the recovery process for Bacillary dysentery?

A

A few days.

47
Q

True or false. Severe cases of bacillary dysentery require a treatment with antimicrobial.

A

True

48
Q

For severe cases, what is the treatment of choice for bacillary?

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or cephalosporin

49
Q

True or false. Shigella species are susceptible to antimicrobials

A

False. Some are resistant to the Shigella species.

50
Q

Is the case of Bacillary, is antimicrobial susceptibility testing essential?

A

Yes

51
Q

What is Amoebic dysentery/ amoebiasis?

A

An intestinal infection

52
Q

What bacterium causes Amoebic dysentery or amoebiasis?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

53
Q

What causes Giardiasis?

A

Giardia lamblia

54
Q

What is the morphology of G. lamblia?

A

flagellated protozoon

55
Q

True or false. Protozoa can be treated with antimicrobials that treat bacteria.

A

False.

56
Q

Certain strains of E.coli are referred to as _____.

A

enteropathic strains.

57
Q

What is responsible for the hamburger disease?

A

E. coli O157:H7

58
Q

What does the O and H stand for in O157:H7?

A 
O= O antigen
H= H antigen
59
Q

E. coli is a gram ______.

A

Negative

60
Q

What is the morphology of E.coli?

A

rod-shaped

61
Q

What is O antigen and where can it be found in respect to E.coli?

A

O antigen is found in the outer membrane of E.coli. The O antigen is encoded by the rfb gene cluster

62
Q

What is an H antigen and where can it be found in respect to E.coli?

A

The H antigen is a major component of flagella, involved in E. coli movement. It is generally encoded by the fliC gene.

63
Q

Why is it difficult to diagnose an enteric infection due to E.coli?

A

Because E.coli is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract.

64
Q

When does E.coli become a pathogenic?

A

When it reaches the tissues outside of the intestinal tract such as the urinary tract, the biliary tract, the lungs, the peritoneum and the meninges.

65
Q

What causes Cholera?

A

The bacterium Vibrio cholerae

66
Q

Vibrio cholerae is a gram ____ rod with a single polar _____

A

negative

flagellum

67
Q

What parts of the world is Cholera most common in?

A

-Not common in North America
-Middle East
-Far East
-Africa
Eastern parts of Europe

68
Q

What is the incubation period for Cholera?

A

1-4 days

69
Q

What are the symptoms of Cholera?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
extreme diarrhea

70
Q

What are the symptoms in Cholera due to ?

A

They are due to an enterotoxin produced by the bacterium.

71
Q

What is the primary cause of death in Cholera?

A

Dehydration. Death resulting in 25-50% of untreated cases

72
Q

What is the treatment in Cholera?

A

Water and electrolytes

73
Q

How does the vibrio cholerae enterotoxin causes large loss of fluids from the intestinal tract

A

The enterotoxin stimulates the activity of the enzyme adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate.

74
Q

What is lost when there in an increase concentration of cyclic AMP? What are the ramifications?

A

Chloride ions are lost from the intestinal cells and prevents the uptake of sodium ions. This prevents water absorption in the lumen of the intestines. This creates diarrhea

75
Q

True or false. The enterotoxin imparts the regulatory mechanism that maintains the ion balance

A

True

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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