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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false. Antibodies are not produced naturally. Rather they are acquired naturally by the mother or artificially by injection.

A

True

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2
Q

Name the two ways of acquisition of antibodies from the mother.

A
  1. In utero (placenta transfer of antibodies from the mother’s blood).
  2. In colostrum (the first milk secreted after parturition)
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3
Q

Antibodies acquired by the fetus or newborn disappear within how many months after birth? After that time the child becomes susceptible to the disease in question.

A

6-9 months.

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4
Q

Antibodies acquired by artificial injection are detectable for how many weeks in the blood? The individual then becomes susceptible to the disease in question.

A

Only a few weeks.

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5
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity require commercially available antibodies. Give example of three antibody diseases

A
  1. Botulisme
  2. Tetanus
  3. Diphtheria
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6
Q

For active acquired immunity, when are antibodies produced in individuals?

A

When they are exposed to the antigen.

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7
Q

Name three ways an individual can be exposed to an antigen.

A
  1. Natural infection
  2. Injection
  3. Series of injections
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8
Q

True or false. Recovery from certain infections diseases result in immunity from them.

A

True

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9
Q

Name 4 infectious diseases that you can gain immunity from.

A
  1. Whooping cough
  2. Diphtheria
  3. chicken pox
  4. Small pox
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10
Q

Name two infectious diseases that you can’t gain immunity from.

A
  1. Gonorrhea

2. Syphilis

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11
Q

Name two reasons why localized infections such as boils do not result in immunity

A
  1. The microbial cells are not accessible therefore the antibodies are not produced.
  2. The existing antibodies can’t reach the microbial cells.
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12
Q

Define immunization

A

When the active acquired immunity comes about artificially.

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13
Q

True or false. Immunization does not employ living virulent microbes as the source of the antigen.

A

True. It would be too risky.

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14
Q

Name four immunizing agents or vaccines

A
  1. Attenuated microbes
  2. Killed microbes
  3. Toxoids
  4. Subunit vaccines
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15
Q

Define Attenuated microbes as an immunizing agent

A

These are alive but have their virulence removed

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16
Q

Define Killed microbes as an immunizing agent

A

These are killed by heat, formaldehyde or phenol

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17
Q

Define Toxoids as an immunizing agent

A

These are modified toxins. They are no longer toxins but still cause the production of antibodies. Formaldehyde treatment can be used to concert a toxin into a toxoid.

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18
Q

Define Subunit vaccines as an immunizing agent

A

These contain fragments of the pathogens, the fragments that are antigenic but are incapable of causing the disease.

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19
Q

What does the immunizing agent do exactly?

A

Introducing the antigen into the body stimulates the production of antibodies but does not cause the disease.

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20
Q

What does DPTP immunize against?

A

Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and polio

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21
Q

What is the schedule for the administration of DPTP vaccine?

A

2 months, 4 months, 6 months, booster at 18 months and booster at 4-5 years.

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22
Q

Name the four antigene for the DPTP vaccine

A
  1. Diphtheria toxoid
  2. Subunit of the B.pertussis cell
  3. Tetanus toxoid
  4. Killed poliovirus of three types (the Salk vaccine).
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23
Q

What is the name of the polio vaccin when given orally?

A

The Sabin vaccine. It’s called the DPT + oral P preparation.

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24
Q

Define the primary response

A
  • The injection is followed by a lag period of 5-10 days before the Ab is detected in the blood.
  • Slow rise in Ab concentration followed by gradual decline.
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25
Q

Define the secondary response

A
  • Causes a rapid production of Ab
  • Shorter lag period
  • A higher peak is reached and the concentration Ab falls off more slowly.
  • Secondary response is called anamnestic response.
  • can be induced by natural infection.
26
Q

Define tertiary response

A

-Induces a further antibody response and max concentration is eventually reached.

27
Q

True or false. Immunity is quantitative rather than qualitative.

A

True

28
Q

True or false. The immunization procedure will definitely prevent infection.

A

False. There is no immunization procedure that will prevent infection in the case of an overwhelming exposure.

29
Q

True or false. Immunization with attenuated vaccines is often not as effective as actually having the disease.

A

True. Thus re-immunization and booster is necessary.

30
Q

Define a antibody

A

Proteins that are synthesized in response to an antigen an that can be combined with that antigen

31
Q

What is the abbreviation of antibody

A

Ab

32
Q

Serum proteins are categorized as what 2 categories?

A
  1. Albumins 2. Globulins
33
Q

Name the three subcategories of globulins

A
  1. Alpha globulin 2. Beta globulin 3. Gamma globulin
34
Q

What is now considered a synonym for antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulins

35
Q

Describe a basic structure of an antibody molecule.

A

Left hand side has a light chain and a heavy chain. On the right hand side there is a antigen binding side.

36
Q

How many dalton compose the heavy polypeptide chains?

A

50 000 Dalton

37
Q

How many dalton compose the light polypeptide chain?

A

25 000 Dalton

38
Q

How are the heavy and light chains bonded by?

A

Disulfide bonds

39
Q

Name the five classes of antibodies

A

lgG, pga, lgM, lgD, lgE

40
Q

True or false. Normal individual posses varying amounts of the five classes of antibodies

A

True

41
Q

Which antigen can pass through the placenta?

A

lgG

42
Q

Which antigen accounts for more that 80% of the total antibodies

A

lgG

43
Q

Which antibodies is considered to be the first line of defence against bacteria and viruses?

A

lgA

44
Q

Which antibodies is considered to be the first to synthesis in response to the antigen?

A

lgM

45
Q

What does the lgD antibodies control?

A

B lymphocyte differentiation

46
Q

Which antibodies are responsible for allergies

A

lgE

47
Q

How many antigen-antibody reactions can occur?

A

3

48
Q

Name the three different types of antigen-antibody reactions

A

1: Neutralization, the antigen is the toxin and the antibody is the antitoxin
2: Precipitation, involves a soluble antigen
3: Agglutination, involves a particulate antigen

49
Q

Define an antigen

A

Antigens are substances that induce a specific immune response (production of antibodies or special cells).

50
Q

What is the abbreviation of antigen

A

Ag

51
Q

Antigens composed of what typically?

A

Proteins and polysaccharides

52
Q

Antigens are considered by two categories depending on how effective they are in inducing the immune response. What are they?

A

Strong antigens and weak antigens.

53
Q

Antigen must be what to the host?

A

Foreign

54
Q

True or false. Antigen must be small molecules.

A

False. They must be large (6000 dalton).

55
Q

What is a dalton

A

The unit of molecular weight

56
Q

What is the mass of 1 dalton?

A

1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

57
Q

The part of the antigen (200-1000 dalton) that is combines with the antibody is called what

A

Antigenic determinant or epitope.

58
Q

What are haptens

A

Low molecular weight substances that combine with antibody molecules because by themselves can’t induce antibody formation

59
Q

Define immunity

A

A specific form of resistance that depends on either the presence of antibodies or special cells.

60
Q

Define humoral immunity

A

A system that depends on the presence of antibodies

61
Q

Define cellular immunity or cell-mediated immunity

A

A system that depends upon the presence of special cells.

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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