Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false. Antibodies are not produced naturally. Rather they are acquired naturally by the mother or artificially by injection.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the two ways of acquisition of antibodies from the mother.

A
  1. In utero (placenta transfer of antibodies from the mother’s blood).
  2. In colostrum (the first milk secreted after parturition)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antibodies acquired by the fetus or newborn disappear within how many months after birth? After that time the child becomes susceptible to the disease in question.

A

6-9 months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antibodies acquired by artificial injection are detectable for how many weeks in the blood? The individual then becomes susceptible to the disease in question.

A

Only a few weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity require commercially available antibodies. Give example of three antibody diseases

A
  1. Botulisme
  2. Tetanus
  3. Diphtheria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

For active acquired immunity, when are antibodies produced in individuals?

A

When they are exposed to the antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name three ways an individual can be exposed to an antigen.

A
  1. Natural infection
  2. Injection
  3. Series of injections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false. Recovery from certain infections diseases result in immunity from them.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 4 infectious diseases that you can gain immunity from.

A
  1. Whooping cough
  2. Diphtheria
  3. chicken pox
  4. Small pox
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name two infectious diseases that you can’t gain immunity from.

A
  1. Gonorrhea

2. Syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name two reasons why localized infections such as boils do not result in immunity

A
  1. The microbial cells are not accessible therefore the antibodies are not produced.
  2. The existing antibodies can’t reach the microbial cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define immunization

A

When the active acquired immunity comes about artificially.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false. Immunization does not employ living virulent microbes as the source of the antigen.

A

True. It would be too risky.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name four immunizing agents or vaccines

A
  1. Attenuated microbes
  2. Killed microbes
  3. Toxoids
  4. Subunit vaccines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Attenuated microbes as an immunizing agent

A

These are alive but have their virulence removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Killed microbes as an immunizing agent

A

These are killed by heat, formaldehyde or phenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Toxoids as an immunizing agent

A

These are modified toxins. They are no longer toxins but still cause the production of antibodies. Formaldehyde treatment can be used to concert a toxin into a toxoid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Subunit vaccines as an immunizing agent

A

These contain fragments of the pathogens, the fragments that are antigenic but are incapable of causing the disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the immunizing agent do exactly?

A

Introducing the antigen into the body stimulates the production of antibodies but does not cause the disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does DPTP immunize against?

A

Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the schedule for the administration of DPTP vaccine?

A

2 months, 4 months, 6 months, booster at 18 months and booster at 4-5 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name the four antigene for the DPTP vaccine

A
  1. Diphtheria toxoid
  2. Subunit of the B.pertussis cell
  3. Tetanus toxoid
  4. Killed poliovirus of three types (the Salk vaccine).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name of the polio vaccin when given orally?

A

The Sabin vaccine. It’s called the DPT + oral P preparation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define the primary response

A
  • The injection is followed by a lag period of 5-10 days before the Ab is detected in the blood.
  • Slow rise in Ab concentration followed by gradual decline.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define the secondary response
- Causes a rapid production of Ab - Shorter lag period - A higher peak is reached and the concentration Ab falls off more slowly. - Secondary response is called anamnestic response. - can be induced by natural infection.
26
Define tertiary response
-Induces a further antibody response and max concentration is eventually reached.
27
True or false. Immunity is quantitative rather than qualitative.
True
28
True or false. The immunization procedure will definitely prevent infection.
False. There is no immunization procedure that will prevent infection in the case of an overwhelming exposure.
29
True or false. Immunization with attenuated vaccines is often not as effective as actually having the disease.
True. Thus re-immunization and booster is necessary.
30
Define a antibody
Proteins that are synthesized in response to an antigen an that can be combined with that antigen
31
What is the abbreviation of antibody
Ab
32
Serum proteins are categorized as what 2 categories?
1. Albumins 2. Globulins
33
Name the three subcategories of globulins
1. Alpha globulin 2. Beta globulin 3. Gamma globulin
34
What is now considered a synonym for antibodies?
Immunoglobulins
35
Describe a basic structure of an antibody molecule.
Left hand side has a light chain and a heavy chain. On the right hand side there is a antigen binding side.
36
How many dalton compose the heavy polypeptide chains?
50 000 Dalton
37
How many dalton compose the light polypeptide chain?
25 000 Dalton
38
How are the heavy and light chains bonded by?
Disulfide bonds
39
Name the five classes of antibodies
lgG, pga, lgM, lgD, lgE
40
True or false. Normal individual posses varying amounts of the five classes of antibodies
True
41
Which antigen can pass through the placenta?
lgG
42
Which antigen accounts for more that 80% of the total antibodies
lgG
43
Which antibodies is considered to be the first line of defence against bacteria and viruses?
lgA
44
Which antibodies is considered to be the first to synthesis in response to the antigen?
lgM
45
What does the lgD antibodies control?
B lymphocyte differentiation
46
Which antibodies are responsible for allergies
lgE
47
How many antigen-antibody reactions can occur?
3
48
Name the three different types of antigen-antibody reactions
1: Neutralization, the antigen is the toxin and the antibody is the antitoxin 2: Precipitation, involves a soluble antigen 3: Agglutination, involves a particulate antigen
49
Define an antigen
Antigens are substances that induce a specific immune response (production of antibodies or special cells).
50
What is the abbreviation of antigen
Ag
51
Antigens composed of what typically?
Proteins and polysaccharides
52
Antigens are considered by two categories depending on how effective they are in inducing the immune response. What are they?
Strong antigens and weak antigens.
53
Antigen must be what to the host?
Foreign
54
True or false. Antigen must be small molecules.
False. They must be large (6000 dalton).
55
What is a dalton
The unit of molecular weight
56
What is the mass of 1 dalton?
1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
57
The part of the antigen (200-1000 dalton) that is combines with the antibody is called what
Antigenic determinant or epitope.
58
What are haptens
Low molecular weight substances that combine with antibody molecules because by themselves can't induce antibody formation
59
Define immunity
A specific form of resistance that depends on either the presence of antibodies or special cells.
60
Define humoral immunity
A system that depends on the presence of antibodies
61
Define cellular immunity or cell-mediated immunity
A system that depends upon the presence of special cells.

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions