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Medical Microbiology 16- > Lecture 24 > Flashcards

Lecture 24 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many herpes infections are known to infect humans?

A

six

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2
Q

Name the six herpes infections

A
  1. B virus
  2. Epstein-Barr virus
  3. Cytomegalovirus
  4. Varicella-Zoster virus
  5. Herpes simplex type 1
  6. Herpes simplex type 2
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3
Q

What does B virus cause?

A

Encephalitis

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4
Q

What does Epstein-Barr virus cause?

A

Infections mononucleosis

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5
Q

What does Cytomegalovirus cause?

A

Infections to the newborns and immunocompromised patients.

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6
Q

What does Varicella-zoster virus cause?

A

Chickenpox and shingles

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7
Q

What does Herpes simplex type I (HSV-1) cause?

A

nongenital infections (mouth, lips, eyes, skin above the waist, visceral organs)

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8
Q

What does herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) cause?

A

Urogenital infections, skin below the waist.

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9
Q

True or false. Is HSV-2 latent in dorsal root ganglia in the sacral region?

A

True

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10
Q

What is a viral latency?

A

Virus latency (or viral latency) is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant (latent) within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle.

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11
Q

What are dorsal roots?

A

Groups of axons entering the spinal cord

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12
Q

What is gingivostomatitis and what is the causative agent of this?

A

Inflammation of the gums and mucosa caused by HSV-1

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13
Q

How long does HSV-1 lesions persist for?

A

7-10 days

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14
Q

True or false. Additional symptoms of HSV-1 include, swollen painful cervical lymph nodes, malaise and fever

A

True

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15
Q

Describe how individuals would suffer from recurrent infections.

A

The virus establishes latency in nervous system ganglia.

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16
Q

Where does HSV-1 establish itself in the body?

A

trigeminal nerve ganglia

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17
Q

What does herpes labialis resemble?

A

A cold sore

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18
Q

True or false. HSV-1 can’t cause HSV-2.

A

False. It can- especially if oral-genital sex with a person who has a cold sore cause by HSV-1

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19
Q

How does HSV-2 manifest itself by physical symptoms?

A

Genital lesions, legalized pain, inguinal lymph nodes, dysuria and malaise.

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20
Q

How long is the incubation period for HSV-2?

A

3-9 days

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21
Q

Where is the common lesion site for the female infected by HSV-2?

A

Vulva, vagina, cervix, urethra, bladder, perineum, tights, buttocks.

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22
Q

Where is the common lesion site for the male infected by HSV-2?

A

Penis, scrotum, thighs, buttocks, urethra, bladder, prostate.

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23
Q

What are first cases of HSV-2 also called?

A

initial cases

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24
Q

True or false, are initial cases of HSV-2 more or less severe than primary cases? Why?

A

Less severe. Because of the presence of antibodies in the blood.

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25
Q

Where does the HSV-2 establish latency?

A

In the dorsal root ganglia of the sacral region.

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26
Q

True or false. HSV-2 has been linked to cervical cancer

A

True.

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27
Q

What types of HSV-2 lesions manifest in infected newborns?

A

Vesicular or ulcerative lesions of the skin and or mouth.

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28
Q

What is the mortality rate of newborns born with HSV-2

A

More than 70%

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29
Q

What do surviving newborns of HSV-2 develop?

A

Neurological and or ocular sequelae.

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30
Q

What is the mortality rate of immunocompromised individuals with herpes simplex?

A

10-30%

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31
Q

What type of treatment would an immunocompromised individual undertake?

A

Antiviral compounds

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32
Q

What are the two strains called when referring to the DNA of Herpers simplex?

A

2 strains of polynucleotides, they are in a linear helical structure.

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33
Q

Each nucleotide contains one of four nitrogenous base, what are the four?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine.

34
Q

How are the polynucleotides stands held together?

A

Adenine is attracted to timing and guanine is attracted to cytosine.

35
Q

What are the 4 substrates of the nucleotides?

A

Deoxyadenasine triphosphate
Deoxyguanosine triphosphate
Deoxycytidine triphosphate
thymidine triphosphate

36
Q

In the context of antiviral drugs, what does analogue mean in relation to the nucleotides?

A

They are mistakenly incorporated in the DNA via polymerase and replication is prevented.

37
Q

Name a antiviral drug used for Herpes simplex and what is it’s structural analogue?

A

Acyclovir, trade name Zovirax and analogue of deoxyguanosine.

38
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

39
Q

Describe how AIDS is a severe disorder.

A

It’s the development of life threatening opportunistic infections and or malignancies.

40
Q

In 1982, whe n AIDS was first discovered in Canada, what two viruses were implicated as the causative agents?

A
  1. Human T cell lymphotrophic virus type III (HTLV-III)

2. Lymphadenopathy Virus (LAV)

41
Q

What single virus causes AIDS?

A

HIV (human immunodificiency virus)

42
Q

True or false, HIV is a retrovirus?

A

True

43
Q

Define a retrovirus

A

Any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate, e.g., HIV.

44
Q

HIV infected individuals harbor the virus in what parts of the body?

A

Blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, saliva, tears, amniotic fluid, bone marrow, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue and lymphoid tissue.

45
Q

What cells do the HIV virus have a affinity for?

A

They have an affinity to TH cells. They kill the TH cell which leads to a profound immunosuppression

46
Q

What are TH1 cell required for?

A

Cellular immunity

47
Q

What are TH2 cell required for?

A

Humoral immunity

48
Q

How does the process of the HIV virus killing the TH cells actually work?

A

the virus attached to the TH cells, macrophage the dendritic and monocytes cells considering each of them possess the CD4+ surface antigen.

49
Q

Explain why HIV/AIDS prevails in homosexual males.

A

they engage in anal intercourse, which results in tiny ruptures of the rectum which semen can enter the blood of the receptive partner.

50
Q

What is a milder illness from the HIV virus?

A

AIDS-Related Complex or ARC. It’s now called PGL persistent generalized lymphadenopathy.

51
Q

Name some physical symptoms of AIDS

A

extreme malaise, fever, night sweats, weight loss and diarrhea, oral candidiasis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly

52
Q

Name some laboratory abnormalities of AIDS

A

anemia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and various immunological abnormalities.

53
Q

What is Kaposi sarcoma?

A

Cancer of the skin which creates papular or indurated lesions that are purplish in colour.

54
Q

What is pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?

A

Caused by a fungus of the same name, its a non productive dry cough followed by night sweats and fever.

55
Q

How many weeks does the AIDS test antibodies in the blood after infection?

A

6-12 weeks

56
Q

How do we clinically test for the HIV infection in blood? What is it called?

A

Detecting antibodies in blood samples. ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and confirmed using the Western blot.

57
Q

What popular drug treatment is required to treat AIDS. Name 3

A
  1. Nucleoside analogue AZT
  2. Some other nucleoside analogue
  3. a protease inhibitor
58
Q

Name the three categories of disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

A
  1. trachoma
  2. Lymphogranuloma venereum
  3. a complex of diseases transmitted by direct (sexual) or indirect routes.
59
Q

What is trachoma?

A

A conjunctivitis and in some cases keratitis.

60
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

An inflammation of the conjunctiva (membrane if the eyelid and covers the surface of the eyeball).

61
Q

Complications of chlamydia include: (2)

A

1- Urethritis and associated diseases (inflammation of the urethra) also known as nongonococcal urethritis or non specific urethritis.
2- Inclusion conjunctivitis

62
Q

Nongonococcal urethritis and nonspecific urethritis are also considered what?

A

Sexually transmitted diseases

63
Q

Name other causative agents of nongonococcal urethritis

A

Protozoon Thrichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma species such as Ureaplasma urealyticum

64
Q

What do mycoplasma lack in term of their cells?

A

They lack a cell wall.

65
Q

What is another term to describe mycoplasma, tiny bacteria?

A

pleuropneumonia-like organism also known as PPLO

66
Q

What are symptoms of chlamydia?

A

painful urination and discharges containing pus.

67
Q

What lacks in the cell wall of the Chlamydia bacterium?

A

Peptidoglycan

68
Q

Is Chlamydia gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram negative

69
Q

How is treatment of Chlamydia limited in terms of antibiotic in relevance to its cell wall?

A

The cell wall lacks peptidoglycan which gets destructed by antibiotics such as penicillin. In the case of Chlamydia, their cell wall uses other protein for its strength and protects the cell from antibiotics.

70
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis is an important colonizer of the female genitourinary tract. what can this lead to?

A

Cervicitis, salpingitis or pelvis inflammatory disease.

71
Q

How does Chlamydia transmitted to new borns and what does this develop into for them?

A

The disease is transmitted thought the birth canal of the infected mother. This can develop into inclusion conjunctivitis and infant pneumonitis.

72
Q

What do you treat infant pneumonitis with?

A

Erythromycin or a sulfonamide

73
Q

What is the drug of choice when treating chlamidya infections?

A

Azithromycin, doxycyclin, erythromycin

74
Q

What are the two most common microorganism that cause vaginitis?

A
  1. Trichomonoas vaginalis

2. Candida albicans

75
Q

Finish the sentence. Trichomonas Vaginalis is a pear shaped _______

A

Protozoon

76
Q

T.v is slightly bigger than a _________

A

white blood cell

77
Q

What can T.v be treated with?

A

Metronidazole

78
Q

What is Candida albicans?

A

A yeast

79
Q

Name 4 drugs that can treat C.a

A
  1. Butoconazole
  2. Clotrimazole
  3. Moconazole
  4. Fluconazole
80
Q

What can happen to a newborn born to a mother that has vaginitis?

A

Oral thrush

Medical Microbiology 16- (17 decks)

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