Lecture 31

Question 1

What is the composition of normal urine?

Answer 1

Water 
Creatine
Urea; citric acid
H+, Na+, K+ ions 
drugs
toxins

Question 2

What could be found in pathogenic urine?

Answer 2

Glucose
Protein 
Blood 
Hemoglobin
Leukocytes
Bacteria

Question 3

How should normal urine look?

Answer 3

Clear, light or dark amber look

Question 4

How should normal urine taste?

Answer 4

Acidic (pH 5-7) not sweet

Question 5

How should normal urine smell?

Answer 5

Unremarkable

Question 6

What is the Kidney’s role in hormone production?

Answer 6

• low oxygen levels are detected by kidneys
• the kidney releases erythropoietin
• EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce
more red blood cells

Question 7

What is chronic renal failure?

Answer 7

Anaemia…

Low levels of red blood cells

Question 8

What is the Kidney’s role in salt/ion homeostasis?

Answer 8

Kidney’s secrete sodium ion which is essential for many cellular processes that require an ion gradient.

Question 9

What is Hyperkalemia?

Answer 9

Kidney disease failure

Question 10

What is the role of the kidney in drug excretion?

Answer 10

The kidney excretes metabolised and hydrophilic drugs and toxins to be released in the urine.

Question 11

Role of the kidney in pH regulation?

Answer 11

bicarbonate (HCO3-) concentration in the blood is controlled by the lungs (exhalation of CO2) and kidneys by reabsorption
of bicarbonate (HCO3-) or secretion of hydrogen ions (H+);

Question 12

Role of Bicarbonate?

Answer 12

bicarbonate (HCO3-) is the main buffer of the blood neutralising so called non-volatile acids coming from metabolism, food and drinks, and maintaining a blood pH of 7.4

Question 13

What are basic nephron processes?

Answer 13

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

Question 14

Filtration?

Answer 14

creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

Question 15

Reabsorption?

Answer 15

removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the blood

Question 16

Secretion?

Answer 16

adds additional wastes from the blood to the filtrate

Question 17

What takes place in the glomerulus?

Answer 17

Filtration

Question 18

What takes place in the proximal tubule?

Answer 18

bulk reabsorption of electrolytes (sodium, potassium), secretion of metabolites, drugs and toxins

Question 19

What takes place in the distal; tunule?

Answer 19

fine-tuning of electrolytes/water reabsorption

Question 20

What takes place in the collecting duct?

Answer 20

fine-tuning electrolyte/water reabsorption

Question 21

What happens to glucose in the nephron?

Answer 21

It is only reabsorbed and only in the proximal tubule.

Question 22

What happens to H+ in the nephron?

Answer 22

K+ is reabsorbed or secreted in different parts of tubule (depends on diet!!);

Question 23

What happens to water in the nephron?

Answer 23

• water is reabsorbed in most parts of tubule;

Question 24

What happens to penicillin in the ephron?

Answer 24

• penicillin (drugs and toxins) is mostly excreted by active secretion, not filtration;

Question 25

What happens to large molecules in the nephron?

Answer 25

• big molecules (such as albumin) are not even filtered;