Lecture 14 Flashcards
What is the role of the Respiratory tract?
Connected organs and structures that function to conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange.
What factors are needed for the respiratory system to be effective?
- A surface for gas exchange
- A path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange surface in optimal condition- Ability to draw breath in and out- Able to produce sound and offacation
What are the main components of the Respiratory tract?
- URT
- LRT
- Thoracic cavity
- Joints
- Respiratory muscles
What is a mucosa?
Epithelia, attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria.
Where is mucosa found?
Most body organs and lined with a mucosa
Where is the submucosa layer located?
Below the Mucosa, depending on the region, may contain many glands.
How does epithelia relate to function?
Epithelium changes shape along length of tract to reflect function.
Where is Respiratory epithelium found?
Most of conducting region
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
Where air and food travels
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Site of gas exchange
What is olfactory mucosa associated with?
Offacation
What is the main function of the Nasal cavity?
Offacation (smell)
What is the main function of the Oral cavity?
Passage for air and food
Where is the Conducting region and it’s function?
Nose to Bronchioles.
Ensure air is warm, clean and moist
Where is the Respiratory region and it’s function?
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
What is Respiratory Epithelium?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ( with goblet cells)
Where is respiratory epithelium found?
Nasal Cavity, part of pharynx, larynx and trachea and bronchi.
What is the roles of the cells in respiratory epithelium?
Goblet cells produce mucus which traps debris and moistens air.
Ciliated cells which provides patterned movement that pushes mucus towards pharynx, and swallowed and digested by stomach acid.
What are the main components of the URT?
Nose & Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Functions of the URT?
Conducting passage
- prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange)
What are different parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Functions of the nose?
Primary passageway for air
Structures of the nose?
Cartilages which are soft, flexible and maintain patent airway.
Nostrils
Vestibule lined with skin which has sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles and vibriase.
Bones of the nasal complex?
Nasal Septum: anterior is cartilage and posterior is bone.
Ethmoid and sphenoid bones: form roof of cavity.
Palates: can be soft or hard and form floor of cavity.
Conchase: On lateral walls
Where conchae (turbulates) located?
Three bony projections:
superior, middle and inferior.
Covered by respiratory epithelium.
Function of conchae (turbinates)?
Swirl inspired air causing it to touch mucosa and have more time for warming and humidifying + olfactory detection.
What epithelium is found in the Nasal cavity?
Mostly respiratory epithelium + an area of olfactory mucosa which contains olfactory receptors (dendrites)
What is a plexus?
A network of very thin walled veins which are able to radiate heat easily.
How does temperature affect the blood vessels in the nasal mucosa?
As temperature decreases, the blood vessels dilate more which means more heat transfer will occur.
What are sinuses/paranasal sinuses?
(Spaces within the bones of our skull) Paranasal = surrounding the nose
Where are paranasal sinuses found?
Within frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid and maxillary bones.
- lined with mucosa and drain into pharynx
Functions of paranasal sinuses?
Lighten skull
Increase surface area to clean, warm., moisten air.
Sound resonance
Infected mucous can block drainage which leads to blocked sinuses.
Structure of the pharynx?
A muscular funnel shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive system.
Commonly known as the throat
Contains 3 regions
Structure and location of the nasopharynx?
Posterior to nasal cavity, from posterior nares to soft palate
Function of nasopharynx?
Air Passageway only.
Auditory tubes drain herre from middle ear.
Pharyngeal tonsils on posterior wall
What stops food from entering the nasal cavity?
The soft palate and uvula block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food entering the nasal cavity.
Location and structure of Oropharynx?
Posterior to oral cavity, from soft palate t hyoid bone.
Function of Oropharynx?
Air and food.
- palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
Location and structure of laryngopharynx?
From hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of esophagus. Ends at level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge
Function of Laryngopharynx?
Air and food however, Food has right of way during swallowing
