Lecture 21

Question 1

Role of the lower esophageal sphincter?

Answer 1

Prevent reflux

Question 2

What is the gross structure of thew stomach?

Answer 2

cardia
Fundus
Body
pylorus

Question 3

What is the lesser Omentum?

Answer 3

Connects stomach to liver

Question 4

What is the greater Omentum?

Answer 4

Connects stomach to transverse colon

Question 5

How is the muscularis modified to carry out specific functions?

Answer 5

Modified for motility.

Consists of Oblique (inner layer), Circular (middle layer) and Longitudinal (outer layer)

Question 6

What are Rugae?

Answer 6

Temporary fold on the internal surface of the stomach that allow for the expansion of the stomach. Important function for storage
(Folded core of submucosa with overlying mucosa)

Question 7

Where are gastric glands located?

Answer 7

Mucosa of the gut tube

Question 8

What do gastric glands secrete?

Answer 8

Mucous (protection)
Acid and Intrinsic Factor
Hormones (gastrin)
Pepsinogen

Question 9

What cells do gastric glands contain?

Answer 9

Parietal
G
Chief

Question 10

What do chief cells produce?

Answer 10

enzymes (pepsinogen)n - in the stomach

Question 11

what do parietal cells produce?

Answer 11

Acid (HCL) - in the stomach

Question 12

Location of chief cells

Answer 12

Throughout the fundus and corpus of the stomach

Question 13

Function of chief cells ?

Answer 13

synthesis and release of the proenzyme pepsinogen, which subsequently, in an acid environment, is converted to the acid protease pepsin.

Question 14

What is the function of parietal cells?

Answer 14

Parietal cells are responsible for gastric acid secretion, which aids in the digestion of food, absorption of minerals, and control of harmful bacteria.

Question 15

Location of parietal cells?

Answer 15

fundus and body of stomach

Question 16

Features of parietal cells?

Answer 16

Pum pions(H+)
Abundant mitochondria
Central nucleus
Folded structure to increase surface area

Question 17

features of Chief cells?

Answer 17

Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum
Apical zymogen granules (contain enzymes)
Basal nucleus

Question 18

How is stomach function regulated?

Answer 18

Endocrine control - endocrine cells in mucosa secrete gastrin and ghrelin into the bloodstream.
Neural Control - enteric nervous system ( ENS - local reflexes/primary control)

CNS modulates ENS function

Question 19

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 19

Controlled release of chyme into small intestine

Question 20

Location of the pancreas?

Answer 20

• Head in C-shaped duodenum • Tail to spleen
• Posterior to the stomach
• Duct into duodenal lumen
RETROPERITINEAL

Question 21

Role of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

Answer 21

Controls release of bile and pancreatic juices from ampulla into second part of duodenum

Question 22

Endocrine function?

Answer 22

• Pancreatic islet alpha cells secrete glucagon

* Pancreatic islet beta cells secrete insulin

Question 23

Exocrine function?

Answer 23

• Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes

* Duct cells secrete bicarbonate

Question 24

Structure of pancreatic Acinar cells?

Answer 24

• Apical zymogen granules
• Basal nucleus
• Abundant rough ER

Question 25

Function of Acinar cells?

Answer 25

secrete enzymes