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structures > Lecture 28: Kidneys > Flashcards

Lecture 28: Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Where are kidneys in body cavity?

A

Primarily retro-peritoneal

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2
Q

What sits on top of the kidney? Are they connected?

A

The adrenal glands, which are not connected physically. But have a functional connection, i terms of the hormones they release that mediate sodium uptake.

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3
Q

Kidney blood supply

A

The branch of the aorta, the renal arteries. They lie posterior to the renal vein, which drains the venous blood of the kidneys. The renal veins drains into the IVC.

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4
Q

Length of renal veins

A

L. renal vein 2x longer than R. renal vein. THis means the l. testicular vein drains directly into the l. renal vein

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5
Q

Where is the ureter

A

Drains inferiorly from that kidney

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6
Q

Parts of the kidney

A

cortex, medulla, papilla, calyces

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7
Q

Renal column

A

Extension of renal cortex, which separates two renal pyramids (sections of renal medulla).

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8
Q

Renal papilla

A

The tip of the renal medulla, opening into one of the nine minor calyxes, which opens into one of two major calyxes. The major calyx opens into the renal pelvis which drains into the ureter.

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9
Q

purpose of kidney

A

filter blood and produce urine. 180 liters of fluid is filtered daily, 1-2 liters of urine is produced.

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10
Q

Urine formation

A

involve filtration, secretion and reabsorption of fluid by the renal corpuscles and tubules.

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11
Q

Separate functions of kidneys

A

Remove metabolic waste, foreign substance and drugs.
Regulate volume and composition of water and electrolytes in the extracellular fluid
control acid base balance
renin and erythropoietin creation: endocrine function
convert vitamin d into active form
gluconeogenisis –> make glucose from amino acids during starvation

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12
Q

what is the nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney, 1 million in each kidney.
Components are the corposcule and the renal tubule

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13
Q

Parts of the renal tubule

A

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of henle, the distal convoluted tubule.

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14
Q

Parts of the corposcule

A

the bowman capsule, the glomerulus

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15
Q

parts of the bowman capsule

A

parietal layer, visceral layer (podocytes), the bowmans (urinary) space.

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16
Q

glomerulus

A

Many capillaries in a ball, supported by mesangium (mesangial cells, ECM)

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17
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Thick descending limb (PCT), thin limb (the bottom loop), thick ascending limb (distal convoluted tubule)

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18
Q

Does the nephron contain the collecting duct?

A

No. It has a different embryological primordial.

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19
Q

podocytes structure

A

Modified epithelial cells of the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule. Sit on top of the capillaries of the glomerulus on their surface . Have primary foot process that branch into secondary foot processes that extend over entire glomerular basement membrane, creating covering network. These feet are divided by narrow slits called filtration slits.

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20
Q

efferent arteriole vs. afferent arteriole

A

The afferent arteriole enters the glomerulus, the efferent arteriole exits the glomerulus.

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21
Q

What sits between the efferent and afferent arterioles

A

The distal tubule.

22
Q

Schema of renal circulation

A

Renal artery –> afferent arterioles–>capillaries –> efferent arterioles–> capillaries surrounding tubule OR vasa recta wrapping around the loop of Henle in the medulla –> Renal vein.

23
Q

Glomerular basement membrane

A

Sits directly on top of the capillaries of the glomerulus. The secondary foot processes sits directly on the glomerular basement membrane.

24
Q

Podocytes contents/function

A

cytoplasm contains actin filaments, lysosomes, microtubules, and have contractile and phagocytic properties.
They are partially responsible for creating the glomerular basement membrane.

25
Q

Three components of the filtration barrier

A

The filtration barrier sits between the bowmans capsule and the glomerulus. Made up of:
fenestra between capillaries –> basement lamina –> filtration slits between podocyte feet

26
Q

What can go through the filtration barrier

A

Hemoglobin, 65000 mw and smaller molecules- pass thru; Albumin, 68000 mw and larger molecules are retained.
Some proteins can go through. Ions can go through. Vitamins can go through. What else?

27
Q

Mesangium

A

CT that sits between the capillaries of the glomerulus. Mesangial cells and mesangial matrix. Provides mechanical support.

28
Q

functions of the mesangium

A

matrix production, which supports the glomerular cap.
Contractile, which can impact the rate of filtration
phagocytic of immune complexes that do not go through filtration and escape near mesangium.
Are proliferative in cases of glomerular disease
Can produce vasoactive substances that can induce constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles (endothelins)

29
Q

Distal convoluted tubule cells

A

simple cuboidal

30
Q

PCT cells

A

microvilli simple cuboidal, called the brush border

31
Q

loop of henle cells

A

Squamous

32
Q

collecting tubule cells

A

simple cuboidal

33
Q

PCT vs. DCT AZO dye

A

will label the brush border blue in the PCT.

lysosomes –> red

34
Q

PCT qualities

A

Microvilli, endocytic vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, lateral plasma membrane interdigitation (infoldings of basal lateral PM containing mitochondria –> typical of of ion transporting epithelia), basal PM infoldings

35
Q

lateral plasma membrane interdigitation

A

infoldings of basal PM containing mitochondria –> typical of of ion transporting epithelia
This leads to indistinc cell borders. These infoldings contain mitochondria with sodium pump localized in the membranes. It is active transport, need mitochondria. Amino acids and glucose are also transported out of the cell.

36
Q

why does PCT have apical surface microvilli?

A

asorptin of 80% of ultrafiltrate

37
Q

microvilli membranes on PCT purpose?

A

transport proteins for transporting sodium, amino acids and glucose into the cell

38
Q

endocytic vesicles and lysosomes purpose?

A

breakdown absorbed proteins

39
Q

mitochondria PCT purpose

A

energy for active transport

40
Q

DCT qualites

A

sparse microvilli, nuclei featured on the top of the cell, basal PM infoldings but no lateral interdigitation, mitochondria

41
Q

Aldosterone

A

mediates the active transport of sodium from the tubular fluid of DCT into renal interstitium

42
Q

basal plasma membrane infoldings of DCT why?

A

Na+-K+ ATPase pump for active transport of Na+ from the tubular fluid into the renal interstitium

43
Q

Collecting duct cells

A

pale staining cells, cuboidal to columnar, lack brush border, distinct cell borders (no interdigitation)

44
Q

Function of collecting duct

A

reabsorption of water from the ducts, is controlled bi antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary glands

45
Q

Justaglomerular (JG) apparatus;

A

Involved in the regulation of systemic blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system)

46
Q

Parts of JG apparatus

A

Macula densa of the DCT, JG cells ( renin-producing, protease), extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)

47
Q

Where is the macula densa

A

The point of the DCT that passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles. Only the half side that is in contact with the JG cells of the afferent/efferent arterioles. Called so because they are larger/denser than the other cells of the DCT. The cells are very crowded together.

48
Q

Where are the JG cells

A

The cells of the afferent (mostly)/efferent(few) arterioles that are in contact with the macula densa. Modified smooth muscle cells of the arterioles.

49
Q

Urinary passage

A

Minor calyces –> major calycess –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> urinary bladder –> proximal urethra

50
Q

Types of cells in excretory passages

A

Transitional epithelium/uroepithelium; lamina propria –> collagenous tissue –> smooth muscle (2 or 3 layers) –> adventitia or serosa (blood vessels, lymphatics or nerves) what is serosa/adventita? is this list from inside to outside?

51
Q

Placques of transitional epithelium

A

Thickened plasma membranes, coverings of pillowing cells on top.

52
Q

Urinary bladder characteristics and functions

A

Conduit of urine
Impervious to water
Resistant to bacteria
Stretch to cover varying size of bladder
Significance of plaques unknown possibly contribute to membrane strength and impermeability

structures (44 decks)

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