Lecture 2

Question 1

What makes up the axial skeleton

Answer 1

Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs. Older evolutionarily.

Question 2

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 2

Upper Limb (humerus, radius, ulna), Pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula), lower limb (femur(thigh), patella, fibula, tibia (both leg)) pelvic girdle (illium, pubis, ischium are all attached by the sacral-illiac joint) make up one half of pelvic girdle, the two halves are attached by the pelvic joint

Question 3

Vertebral column, types of ribs and how many of each

Answer 3

Cervical spine (C7), Thoracic Spine (T12), Lumbar Spine (L5), Sacrum (5 fused bones), Coccyx (4 fused bones). Total 33 bones

Question 4

curvature of vertebral column during development and adulthood

Answer 4

Development –> the thoracic curve is concave to the anterior, only one that exists in embryo/fetus.
Adulthood (all to the anterior)–> cervical convex (developed when head lifts), thoracic concave, lumbar convex (developed when standing/walking), sacral concave

Question 5

Scoliosis

Answer 5

Curvature from left to right

Question 6

Kyphosis

Answer 6

Excessive concave thoracic curvature, seen in older women (stooping)

Question 7

Lordosis

Answer 7

Excessive convex lumbar curvature, seen in pregnant women

Question 8

Why is the cord shorter than the vertebral column, and where does it end

Answer 8

The chord finishes developing before the vertebral column can assume full length. Ends at L1/L2. There are sacral/coccygeal cords but they extend beyond the root and some out at the vertebra below

Question 9

Lumbar Vertebra, 2 main parts of a typical vertebra

Answer 9

The “typical” vertebra, two main parts ( body, vertebral arch).
Lumbar vertebra are the largest vertebra, because they are load-bearing

Question 10

Parts and processes coming off of vertebral arch

Answer 10

Made of 2 pedicles coming off of body, and two lamina meeting at spinal processes
2 transverse processes, 4 articular processes (2 superior, 2 inferior), 1 spinous process

Question 11

Cervical vertebra

Answer 11

Have transverse foramen (holes through transverse processes, vertebral artery, vertebral veins, spinal nerves pass through them), bifid spinous process, transverse plane separates articular processes.

Question 12

Special Vertebra

Answer 12

C1–> Atlas, C2–> Axis, C7–> vertebra prominens

Question 13

Atlas unique characteristics

Answer 13

Atlas articulates with occipital chondyle superiorly, and with the dens of Axis inferiorly. The atlas lacks a vertebral body, instead has the anterior tubercle opposing the vertebral arch, surrounding vertebral foramen.

Question 14

Axis unique characteristics

Answer 14

Axis articulates with axis superiorly through the dens (meets with the anterior tubercle, held in place by a ligament). The dens was the atlas’s vertebral body that merged with the axis during development.

Question 15

Atlas and Axis functions

Answer 15

atlas with occipital chondyle –> nodding head

atlas with axis –> turning head side to side

Question 16

Thoracic vertebra unique characteristics

Answer 16

Increase in size T1-T12. Have transverse, superior and inferior costal facets. One rib articulates with it’s vertebra’s transverse and superior facets, and forms demi-facet with inferior facet of above vertebra

Question 17

sacral vertebrae,

Answer 17

Called sacral bc holy bone, was used in sacrifice, fused from 5 vertebra. Has sacral canal for nerves, posterior/anterior foramen on either side of central sacral promontory (only seen on anterior side). Articulates with L5 and coccyx.

Question 18

coccyx

Answer 18

Coccyx (coccygeal greek for cuckoo bird) fused from 3-4 vertebrae, serves as attachment site for muscles (vestigial of tails) but can be broken and cause pain (clinical relevance)

Question 19

Joint definition and types

Answer 19

Joint –> Junction of 2 parts of the skeleton. Can be either fibro-cartilaginous (unmoving, further divided into fibrous/synarthorosis or cartilaginous/amphiarthrosis) or synovial (also called diarthrosis). Many sub-types in each category

Question 20

Joints of vertebral column

Answer 20

invertebral disks, type of fibrocartilaginous joint known as a symphysis (specifically cartaliginous, allow for some movement). Make up 1/3 length of the vertebral column

Question 21

Joints of the vertebral arches

Answer 21

Zygapohyseal facet joints, type of synovial joint. zyga –> means two; apohyseal –> means joint

Question 22

Sub-occipital region joints

Answer 22

Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints are synovial

Question 23

Joints between ribs and costal processes

Answer 23

Costo-vertebral and costo-transverse (both synovial joints)

Question 24

Tendon vs. ligament; aponeurosis

Answer 24

Ligament –> Short bands of fibrous, connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, keeps structures stable
Tendon –> Fibrous connective tissue attaches muscle to bone
Aponeurosis –> Broad flat tendon that attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles

Question 25

Ligaments of vertebral column

Answer 25

Anterior longitudinal ligament–> anterior side of vertebral bodies
ligament flavium –>posterior side of vertebral foramen
posterior longitudinal ligament–> posterior side of vertebral bodies/anterior side of vertebral foramen
supraspinous ligament –> posterior side of spinal processes
interspinous ligament –> between the spinal processes

Question 26

Inter-vertebral foramen

Answer 26

Where the spinal nerve radicle (root) emerges from the spinal cord. Situated directly opposite to the intervertebral disks. Also radicular arteries that bring blood to cord enter here.

Question 27

parts of intervertebral disks

Answer 27

Anulus (means ring in latin) fibrosus on the outside, nucleus pulposus on the inside

Question 28

Direction of herniated disk

Answer 28

When nucleus pulposus either extends out or ruptures through anulus pulposus. Will happen posterio-laterally because that is the direction where there are not ligaments holding the disk in place.