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Structures > Lecture 24: Abdomen I > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Abdomen I Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive Tube components, from top to bottom

A

Mouth, pharnynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum/appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal, anus)

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2
Q

Accesory organs to digestive tract

A

teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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3
Q

Signals for induction of endoderm

A

Fibroblast Growth Factor-4 (FGF-4), Activins

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4
Q

When does primordial gut tube form, what is it made of?

A

Beginning of fourth week, head, caudal, and lateral fold incorporate dorsal part of the yolk sac into the body. The gut tube/yolk sac is made of endoderm that gives rise to most of the digestive tract.

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5
Q

Stomodeum

A

pre-cursor of the mouth

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6
Q

proctodeum

A

pre-cursor of anal pit

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7
Q

What is the epithelium near the stomodeum and proctodeum made of?

A

ectoderm of those areas

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8
Q

What encloses the gut tube at either end

A

Cranially by the oropharyngeal membrane, caudally by the cloacal membrane

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9
Q

What are the derivatives of the primordial pharynx

A

oral cavity, pharynx, tongue, tonsils, salivary glands, upper respiratory system

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10
Q

What are the derivatives of the foregut?

A

It includes the primordial pharynx and all of its derivatives (oral cavity, pharynx, tongue, tonsils, salivary glands, upper respiratory system), the lower respiratory system (bronchi and lungs), esophagus and stomach, liver, pancreas, biliary apparatus, duodenum proximal to the bile duct

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11
Q

Where does the esophagus develop, what is it derived from?

A

From the fore-gut immediately caudal to the pharynx. The glands and epithelia are derived from the endoderm of the foregut. The striated muscle in the superior 1/3 are derived from the mesenchyme in the caudalpharyngeal arches, and the smooth muscle in the inferior 2/3 are derived from the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm

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12
Q

What separates the esophagus from the foregut during development.

A

The T-E septum, which eventually separates the esophagus from the trachea

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13
Q

How does the esophagus lumen change during development?

A

The canal is obliterated by proliferating epithelium, re-canalizes by the end of the eighth week. Can incompletely recanalize leading to a thin lumen, called esophageal stenosis.

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14
Q

The two causes of esophageal stenosis

A

Incomplete re-canalization at the end of the eight weeks or the failure of esophageal blood vessels to develop leading to atrophy of the esophagus.

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15
Q

Where does the stomach develop?

A

Distal part of the foregut, first develops as slight dilation in the median plane (which is the sagittal plane that goes right down the naval)

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16
Q

What attaches the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall

A

The dorsal mesentary, or the dorsal mesogastrium

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17
Q

What creates the greater curvature of the stomach, and where does it point towards initially?

A

While broadening dorsally and ventrally, the stomach (oriented in the medial plane) widens faster dorsally, creating the greater curvature pointing towards the vertebral column. The lesser curvature is then initially ventral, and points towards the anterior abdominal wall.

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18
Q

How does the stomach rotate?

A

It rotates 90 degrees clockwise, so the ventral lesser curvature moves right and the dorsal greater curvature moves left. Now lesser –> body right, and greater –> body left.

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19
Q

How does stomach rotation affect stomach innervation?

A

The original left side is now ventral and the original right side is now dorsal. The left vagus nerve supplies the anterior wall and the right vagus nerve supplies the posterior wall. The left vagus nerve is now renamed the anterior vagal trunk, and the right vagus nerve the posterior vagal trunk.

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20
Q

What happens to the dorsal mesentary during stomach rotation

A

Is carried to the left, creating the omental bursa, or the lesser sac of the peritoneum to the right of the dorsal mesentary

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21
Q

Ventral mesogastrium attaches to?

A

Suspends the stomach and duodenum to liver and ventral abdominal wall.

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22
Q

The purpose of the omental bursa, and it’s other name

A

Facilitates movement of the stomach. Also called lesser sac

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23
Q

Position of the omental bursa

A

Sits between the stomach and the posterior abdominal wall.

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24
Q

What makes up the greater omentum

A

the anterior and posterior fold layers of an elongated dorsal mesogastrium that fuse together by folding in on itself. There was an inferior recess within the fold, but that disappears during the fusing process.

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25
Q

What are the borders of the omental bursa in a mature body

A

In mature human the borders are anteriorly the liver, stomach and hepatoduodenal ligament. Posteirorly the pancreas, the dorsal mesogastrium, the greater omentum and the duodenum

26
Q

Entrance to the lesser sac, and its location

A

The omental foramen/epiploic foramen, found posterior to the hepatoduodenal ligament. Connects the greater and lesser sacs

27
Q

After rotating 90 degrees clockwise, how and when does the stomach rotate next?

A

The stomach rotates about a ventrodorsal axis, the bottom part coming superior and to the right. The top of the duodenum is also pulled up, creating a c-curve in the duodenum. This happens during the eighth week.

28
Q

Congenital pyloric stenosis

A

Greater in males than in females, stenosis of pyloric canal (sphinctoric region that runs between stomach and duodenum), leads to obstruction of food and projectile vomiting. Can be treated surgically.

29
Q

What perfuses the duodenum?

A

The celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery. Because it was derived from the foregut.

30
Q

Orientation of the duodenum

A

Originally is a loop that projects ventrally, after rotation points to the right. It forms a c-shaped curve. Eventually is retroperitoneal.

31
Q

Duodenal stenosis

A

Caused when lumen (which is filled with epithelium weeks 5-6) only partially recanalizes, leads to vomiting of the stomach’s contents (including bile).

32
Q

Duodenal atresia

A

Similar to duodenal stenosis, but complete closure of duodunal tube. 20-30% of cases are associated with downs. Can be diagnosed prenatal with ultrasound, see two separate bubbles for stomach and duodenum.

33
Q

Where does the hepatic diverticulum arise

A

as a ventral outgrowth from the caudal part of the foregut early in the fourth week, and extends into the septum transversum. In this region the septum transversum makes up the ventral mesentary.
Is induced by Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) released by the heart.

34
Q

What arises from the hepatic diverticulum

A

The liver, gall-bladder, and biliary duct system

35
Q

The larger cranial and lower caudal part of the hepatic diverticulums are each premordial of?

A

The liver –> cranial
The gall-bladder –> caudal
The stalk of the diverticulum –> cystic duct, which connects the gall-bladder to the bile duct.

36
Q

The endodermal cells of the hepatic diverticulum give rise to what part of the liver?

A

Give rise to the hepatic cords that separate the sinusoids of the liver. These sinusoids are spaces that will hold blood.

37
Q

The surrounding mesenchyme of the transversum septum gives rise to?

A

Kuppfer cells (macrophages of the liver) and hematopoietic tissue. The liver is responsible for blood cell formation until the bone marrow develops and matures.

38
Q

Which lobe of the liver is larger?

A

The right

39
Q

When does hematopoiesis start?

A

Six weeks

40
Q

When does bile formation start?

A

Twelve weeks

41
Q

Location and orientation of bile duct.

A

Connects the hepatic and cystic ducts to the duodenum. Initially connects ventrally to duodenum, but after rotations is connected dorsally.

42
Q

Two parts of lesser omentum

A

The hepatogastric ligaments and hepatoduodenal ligament.

43
Q

Ventral mesentary gives rise to

A

The hepatogastric ligament, the hepatoduodenal ligament (together the lesser omentum) and the falciform ligament.

44
Q

The bare area of the liver

A

The liver is covered by peritoneum except for the bare area, which is in direct contact with the liver. The borders are the coronary ligaments and triangular ligaments laterally.

45
Q

Accessory hepatic ducts

A

There can be additional hepatic ducts that can develop, and this is of surgical importance when cutting into the liver

46
Q

extrahepatic biliary atresia

A

1/10,000 to 1/15,000, failure of bile ducts to canalize. Could be also caused by late fetal liver infection. Can be diagnosed by jaundice shortly after birth. Need surgical fix or liver transplant.

47
Q

Where does the ventral pancreatic bud arise from?

A

It arises from the medial part of the hepatic diverticulum.

48
Q

Where and when does the dorsal pancreatic bud arise from?

A

Directly off of the foregut, it develops first and slightly cranially to the ventral pancreatic bud.

49
Q

How does the main pancreatic duct form?

A

From the fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts. Their ducts anastomose, and the main pancreatic duct arises from the ventral duct, and the distal part of the dorsal duct.

50
Q

What induces the ventral pancreatic duct

A

FGF-2 secreted by the fetal heart, develops from the same bipotential endoderm tissue as the liver arises from.

51
Q

What induces the dorsal pancreatic duct

A

Activins from the notochord and FGF-2 from heart.

52
Q

What forms the exocrine acinar cells and ducts within the pancreas

A

Endodermal tubules surrounded by mesoderm branch out to form the acini and ducts

53
Q

exocrine vs. endocrine gland formation pancreas

A

Exocrine –> endodermal tubules branch to form acini and ducts
endocrine –> clumps of cells from exocrine formation form islets

54
Q

annular pancreas

A

There is an anormal bifid ventral pancreatic bud that grows around the duodenum on either side, can cause duodenal obstruction.

55
Q

What does the spleen arise from?

A

It arises from the thickening of the dorsal mesogastrium at the tail of the pancreas,

56
Q

Where is it oriented

A

It is carried to the left and behind the stomach, when the stomach rotates. Is in contact with the kidney, and above the pancreas.

57
Q

gastrosplenic ligament

A

arose from dorsal mesentary, connects spleen to stomach

58
Q

what do spleen mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

capsule, connective tissue, and parenchyma

59
Q

what purpose does the spleen serve in embryo

A

hematopoiesis

60
Q

Accessory spleen

A

Exists in 10% of people, fully functional, can exist in tail of pancreas or within gastrosplenic ligament

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