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Structures > Lecture 23: Heart Vessels and Microstructure > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Heart Vessels and Microstructure Flashcards

1
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

The process by which hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) differentiate into blood cells

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2
Q

mobilization of hematopoietic stem cell

A

The process by which they can leave the bone marrow and enter the blood stream

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3
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells location

A

Found in bone marrow of mature adults,

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4
Q

How do we maintain hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) throughout life?

A

can undergo self renewal

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5
Q

How many RBC replaced every day

A

10x10^12

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6
Q

RBC life span

A

4 months, very short lived but they are the longest lived of all the blood cells.

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7
Q

yellow marrow vs. red marrow

A

red marrow contains HSC, yellow contains lipocytes

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8
Q

Three major types of blood cells and function

A

RBC –> Delivers oxygen to tissue
WBC –> Fights infection
platelets –> Clotting, maintaining hemostasis

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9
Q

Non-cellular component of blood, and its contents

A 
Plasma:
Electrolytes --> maintain tonicity
Proteins --> albumin, globulin (antibodies), clotting factors
Lipids 
Serum
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10
Q

What is an erythroblast?

A

It’s an immature RBC found in the bone marrow, still nucleated. Nucleus is excluded from the cell before it’s let out of the bone marrow into the blood. It can be polychromatophilic or orthochromatic (one step further in development, smaller nucleus, but in my opinion still looks purplish so idk why it’s called chrom.)

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11
Q

Polychromasia

A

RBC that has just left bone marrow, are larger and more purple under H&E because still producing protein in RER which it has to for hemoglobin

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12
Q

What stain precipitates RNA, what is it’s function

A

Methylene Blue, can tell polychromatic RBC apart from fully matured RBC bc RNA in RER precipitates out and looks like dark blue granules. Then called reticulocytes when imaged this way. Done for patients that could have anemia.

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13
Q

Size/shape of RBC, why are they this shape

A

The same size as WBC, but concave disk shown by white spot in the middle histologically. Helps increase surface area:volume ratio, which helps with gas exchange, and deformable which can help 7-8 micron diameter cells pass through 2 micron capillaries. Impaired deformability can be clinically relevant.

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14
Q

Components of normal RBC membrane

A

lipid bilayer, integral membrane proteins (chloride bicarbonate exchange), cytoskeleton proteins

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15
Q

erythrocyte qualities

A

Mature RBC.
Is anucleate and lacks organelles, which maximizes space for hemoglobin, but means that they have to use anaerobic respiration without mitochondria.

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16
Q

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

A

Reduce oxidants, which are often the chemicals present in the blood, and could damage cells.
They also keep hemoglobin in a reduced state, for O2 binding.

17
Q

Hemoglobin is made of?

What’s its function?

A

Two alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains, four heme molecules with with iron in center of each. Binds O2 and CO2, transports them between tissue and lungs. Very soluble in water compared to other proteins

18
Q

Types of RBC irregularities

A

Sickle Cell anemia, Microcytes, Spherocytes, Elliptocytes

19
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Another name for platelets

20
Q

Megakaryocyte properties

A

Largest cell in the bone marrow, the cell doesn’t divide but is hyper-diploid as nucleus continues dividing into lobes, with each lobe being 2n.

21
Q

How to megakaryocytes make cells

A

Parts of cytoplasm break off and become platelets

22
Q

Platelet clumping

A

Happens in-vitro, is artifact of putting blood in test-tube. Causes platelet counts to be artificially low.

23
Q

Platelet cellular properties

A

They are anucleur but have all of their organelles. Are filled with electron dense granules that stain acidophilically.
Microtubules are a canalicular system leading to the cell membrane, needed to release all of the granules into the blood systematically.
There are some contractile proteins (actin and myosin) and membrane proteins GP Ib, IIb, IIIa

24
Q

Function of platelets

A

First line of defense in homeosis with blood loss caused by vessel injury–> Adhesion, Activation, Aggregation
Platform for fibrin/clot formation
Mediates inflammation, vascular constriction through releasing serotonin, and fibroblast production.

25
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

too few platelets

26
Q

Another name for WBC

A

Leukocytes

27
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Neutrophils (~60%, most prominent), eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

28
Q

Neutrophil properties

A

Also called polymorphonucleur leukocyte.
6 hr life span in blood, 1-5 days in tissue.
Multilobed nucleus, pink cytoplasmic granules.

29
Q

Band neutrophil

A

One step less mature than neutrophil, has a horseshoe shaped nucleus. Can be seen in blood occasionally.

30
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Are able to mobilize to site of infection/inflammation, are attracted there by signaling proteins chemotaxins.
Phagocytosis/endocytosis, activated by antigen-IG complexes/coating.

31
Q

neutrophilia

A

A high number of neutrophils in the blood

32
Q

What causes neutrophilia

A

Endotoxin is released from the bacteria cell wall, and causes G-CSF and GM-CSF to be released from the marrow stromal cells which triggers neutrophilia

33
Q

granulocytosis

A

Too many granulocytes, including neutrophils, can be caused by chronic myelogenous leukemia

34
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil, NOT monocyte, NOT lymphocyte

35
Q

Eosinophils qualities

A

Bilobed nucleus
Very pink granules in cytoplasm
Circulate for several hours then enter some skin/digestive/pulmonary mucus.

36
Q

Function of eosinophil

A

Have receptors for IgE, and phagocytize antigen-antibody receptors. There are increased numbers in inflammation and allergic reactions.

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