Lecture 20: Radiology Flashcards
How does X-Ray work
Rays pass through tissue, and detect differences in density to produce an image.
How does fluoroscopy work
Continuous x-rays pass through a moving image, often with a contrast agent
How does CT work
X-rays pass through body from all directions, to produce slices through the body, usually transverse
How does MRI work
uses body’s intrinsic magnetic properties to create images, sends out an energy pulse, magnetic response is the image. Bonus, has no radiation!
How does ultrasound work?
Uses high frequency sound waves transmitted by a hand-held transducer, reflections are monitored and create image that is portable and in real-time
How do components of the body differ in density
Bone/Metal > soft tissue > fat > air. Important for X-ray and CT
Parts of the thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity and mediastinum
Parts of pleural cavity
Pleura and lungs, pleura made of viseral pleura and parietal pleura
Areas where there are no visceral pleura between parietal pleura
These are places for fluid to accumulate here first the largest is the costadiaphragmatic recess, CP angle
fluid in pleural cavity
Pleural effusion, seen as white space where there should be black space
air in pleural cavity
pneumothorax, seen as lung outline is elevated from where pleural cavity should be
pneumoperitoneum
air inside the peritoneal cavity, can cause the peritoneum to bulge up on an x-ray
Left lung anatomy
One fissure: oblique/major. 2 lobes, upper and lower. Mainstem Bronchi branches inside lung
Right Lung anatomy
Two fissures. Oblique/Major fissure separates uper from lower superiorly, upper from middle inferiorly. Minor/horizontal fissure separates middle from lower.
Dual blood supply of lungs
Bronchial arteries (ox. Blood) pulmonary arteries (De-ox. Blood)
pneumonia on x-ray
can be seen as white cloudyness in lungs,
Contents of mediastinum
Thymus, heart in pericardial sac, major vessels, trachea, esophagus, nerves and lymphatics
classification of mediastinum
inferior vs. superior. Inferior can be seperated into anterior, middle and posterior. Middle inferior mediatinum contains heart, pericardium and the origin of the great vessels
positioning of heart apex
points down, forward and to the left
two pumps of the heart
Right pump SVC and IVC –> right atria –> right ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs. Left pump pulmonary veins –> left atria –> left ventricle –> aortic arch –> body
right heart border
SVC, IVC, right atria, not right ventricle (which sits at base)
left heart border
aortic arch, pulmonary trunk, LA, LV
Contents of superior mediastinum
R and L brachiocephalic veins, thoracic aorta with major branches, superior vena cava, esophagus, trachea, thymus, phrenic and vagus nerves, left recurrent larngeal nerve (passes under arch)
parts of pericardium
serous and fibrous layers, serous layer has visceral and parietal parts
