Lecture 21: Lung Macro & Micro Flashcards

1
Q

lung lymphatics

A

white lines under visceral surface, channel lymph towards hilum and mediastinal lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pleura composition and components

A

pleura is made of one layer of mesothelial cells, visceral (inner, intimate with lung) and parietal (outer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pneumothorax

A

shrunken lung, associated with air in the pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in the pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sensory innervation of the lung and pleura

A

vagus nerve, vagus and sympathetic fibers for the visceral pleura, phrenic and intercostal for parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vagus nerve in relation to lung position

A

vagus runs posterior to hilum of lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

phrenic nerve in relation to lung position

A

phrenic runs anterior to hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

phrenic nerve diaphragm

A

provides motor (GSE) fibers to diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

orientation of hilum components on right and left side

A

On left side artery, bronchi, vein (Are Brides Vain?)
On right side bronchi, artery, vein (You’re Right, Brides Are Vain!)
This is only true at point of exit from the lung, things can cross if the cross section is taken at a different point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Impressions on two lungs

A

Right lung impressions –> cardiac, azygos vein/arch, S. vena cava, I. vena cava, esophagus, brachiocephalic trunk
Left lung impressions –> cardiac, aortic arch, left subclavian, left brachiocephalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The lungs have a dual blood supply

A

De-ox. from the pulmonary arteries, ox. from the bronchial arteries that come directly off of the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

bronchopulmonary segments

A

segments corresponding to bronchial tree, there are many of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tracheobronchial tree components, switch from macro to micro

A

trachea –> intrapulmonary bronchus (primary/main, secondary/lobar, tertiary/segmental) –>bronchiole –> SHIFT TO MICRO STRUCTURES –> terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole –> alveolar duct –> alveolar sac –> alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

components of trachea, outer to inner

A

adventitia, c-shaped rings, trachealis and longitudinal smooth muscles, submucosa, mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

adventita

A

outer covering of trachea, made of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

c-shaped rings

A

hyaline cartilage, incomplete dorsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

trachealis and longitudinal

A

smooth muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

submucosa

A

mucous and serous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mucosa

A

epithelium and lamina propria

20
Q

Epithelium of the trachea

A

part of the mucosa, made up of pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells with goblet cells

21
Q

lamina propria

A

made up of connective tissue and elastic fibers

22
Q

purpose of cilia and trachea

A

move small debri out of respiratory pathway, active movement

23
Q

other cell types present in trachea epithelium

A

endocrine (kulchisky) cells secrete seratonin to regulate airway breathing reflex, undifferentiated basal cells

24
Q

which mainstream bronchii is more verticle

A

the right one, more likely to choke on the right side

25
Q

Intrapulmonary bronchus

A

branches off of trachea, usually next to main branch of pulmonary artery at hilum, made up of smooth muscle, irregular cartilage plates, goblet cells, ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells. Transition to simple ciliated columnar as bronchii get smaller

26
Q

broncho-pulmonary segment/secondary and tertiary bronchii

A

branches off intrapulmonary bronchus, travel along side pulmonary artery/arterioles, branch in same pattern, epithelium fully ciliated simple columnar

27
Q

bronchiole

A

branches off broncho-pulmonary segment, no cartilage, smooth muscle, very few to no goblet cells, epithelium transitions from ciliated simple columnar to ciliated simple cuboidal

28
Q

Autonomic innervation of bronchiole glands and smooth muscle

A

Glands: Sympathetic is inhibiting, Parasympathetic is secretomotor
Bronchiole smooth muscle: Sympathetic is bronchodilation (greater need for O2, fight or flight), parasympathetic is bronchoconstriction

29
Q

Autonomic innervation of bronchiole and alveolur vasculature

A

Bronchioles: Sympathetic is vasoconstriction, parasympathetic is vasodilation (maybe, could have no affect)
Alveolar: no affect, capillaries not capable of constriction or dilation. Flow is hormonally regulated

30
Q

Affects of sympathetics on the lungs

A

secretory inhibition, bronchiodilation, vasoconstriction

31
Q

Affects of parasympathetics on lungs

A

increased secretomotor, bonchioconstriction, maybe vasodilation

32
Q

pulmonary plexus

A

cluster of nerve trunks, contains sympathetic and parasympathetic axons, and parasympathetic ganglia

33
Q

terminal bronchiole

A

branches off bronchiole, surrounded by layer of smooth muscle, no goblet cells, ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium, clara cells

34
Q

What are clara cells

A

Found in terminal bronchiole, precursor to bronchiolar epithelial cells, synthesizes surfactant, inhibits elastin digestion (elastin digestion leads to emphysema), detoxes carcinogens. Contains many secretory vesicles seen on EM. Have a rounded top that bulges above ciliated cuboidal cells

35
Q

alveolar wall

A

contains elastin, which stains black on resorcin-fuschin stain

36
Q

acinus

A

functional subunit of the lung supplied by a single respiratory bronchiole

37
Q

respiratory bronchiole

A

branches off of terminal bronchiole, simple cuboidal epithelium, wall encircled by smooth muscle that is punctured by alveolus, supplies single acinus

38
Q

alveolar duct

A

branches off of respiratory bronchiole, a space whose wall is made up of alveolar sacs and alveoli, basically leads towards them from the bronchiole

39
Q

alveolar sac

A

terminal part of alveolar duct, contains may alveoli

40
Q

alveolar capillaries relationship to lumen

A

protrude into lumen of alveoli, provide more surface area

41
Q

How wide is blood-air barrier?

A

.3 microns, alveoli epithelium, basement membrane, endothelium

42
Q

Alveolar wall cells

A

Type I pneumocytes –> thin, gas exchange, 40% of cells but 90% of surface
Type II pneumocytes –> thick/bulging, no gas exchange, 60% of cells, replace damaged type I cells, produce surfactant

43
Q

lamellar bodies

A

structure inside of type II pneumocytes that creates surfactant, made up of secretory vesicles made of tubular myelin weaves

44
Q

functions of surfactant

A

keep alveoli inflated, reduces fluid from from capillaries into alveoli, increases compliance (Stretchability), decreases alveolar surface tension, keeps cell water surface layer thin

45
Q

alveolar pores

A

holes in the epithelium surrounding alveoli connecting different alveoli together. equalizes pressure and facilitates flow between acini when a certain bronchiole might be blocked (kind of like collateral circulation)
also called alveolar pore of kohn

46
Q

function of alveolar macrophages

A

ingest extra surfactant, also ingest inhaled particulate matter so they have the name “dust cells”

47
Q

issues in smoker’s lungs

A

excess carbon particles trapped in macrophages, chronic bronchitis caused by excess mucus production, increased risk for pneumonia, increased risk for emphysema (loss of elastin, fibrosis of tissue), metaplasia (bronchii epithelium changes to stratified squamous), interstitial disease (alveolar walls are thickened), cancer