Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology > Lecture 24 -- Sensory organs II - Vision pt 2, Endocrine system pt 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 24 -- Sensory organs II - Vision pt 2, Endocrine system pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

night vision

A

aka scotopic vision

rod –> have cilium specialized to absorb light

visual pigment – rhodopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

day vision

A

aka photopic vision

cone

visual pigment – photopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

color vision

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

color vision

A

aka trichromatic vision

cone

visual pigment – photopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

rods and cones are both a specialized type of…

A

neuroepithelial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

LO2: differentiate among the 3 types of cones responsible or color vision

how many cones are responsible for color vision?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LO2: differentiate among the 3 types of cones responsible or color vision

what are the 3 types of cones?

A

S-blue (short)

M-green (medium)

L-red (long)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

LO2: differentiate among the 3 types of cones responsible or color vision

how is perception of colors formed?

A

based on mixture of nerve signals representing cones w/ different absorption peaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

LO3: summarize the steps in Phototransduction in the rods

define Phototransduction

A

conversion of light energy into action potentials in retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

LO4: sequence the light path from the photoreceptor cells to the optic nerve

A

light travels through to back of eye and hits retina:

1) photoreceptors

2) horizontal and amacrine cells

3) bipolar cell (1st order)

4) ganglion cell (2nd order) –> optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

photoreceptors (sequence and function)

A

retina –> photoreceptors

captures light and converts it into electrical signals (phototransduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

horizontal and amacrine cells (sequence and function)

A

retina –> photoreceptors –> horizontal and amacrine cells

interneurons that modify that rate of electrical firing in bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

bipolar cells (sequence and function)

A

retina –> photoreceptor –> horizontal and amacrine cells –> bipolar cells

1st-order neurons of visual pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

ganglion cells (sequence and function)

A

retina –> photoreceptors –> horizontal and amacrine cells –> bipolar cells –> ganglion cells

2nd-order neurons of visual pathway

some act as photoreceptors that express melanopsin (a type of photopigment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

the axons of the ___ form the ___

A

axons of retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

LO3: summarize the steps in phototransduction in the rods:

in light:

A

rhodopsin absorbs light

cis-retinal is converted to trans-retinal –> separates from opsin

glutamate secretion ceases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

LO3: summarize the steps in phototransduction in rods:

in darkness:

A

rhodopsin absorbs no light

cis-retinal remains –> remains connected to opsin

glutamate secretion continues

18
Q

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

what is the order?

A

fixation point –> optic nerve –> optic chasm –> optic tract –> pretectal nucleus –> superior colliculus –> lateral geniculate nucleus –> optic radiation –> occipital lobe (visual cortex)

19
Q

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

what is stereoscopic vision?

A

ability to see environment in 3D

20
Q

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

how is the optic nerve formed?

A

CN II

axons of retinal ganglion cells

21
Q

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

explain hemidecussation in optic chiasm

A

1/2 of fibers from left and right optic nerves cross over to opposite sides of brain –>

decussation = cross-over
hemi = half
hemidecussation = half crosses over

22
Q

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

what are the pretectal nucleus and superior colliculus made of?

what do they do?

A

optic nerve fibers from the melanopsin-containing ganglion cells

pretectal nucleus –> photo pupillary and accommodation reflexes

superior colliculus –> control visual reflexes of the extrinsic eye muscles

23
Q

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

what happens in the occipital lobe (visual cortex)?

A

conscious visual sensation

24
Q

LO7: identify the organs of the endocrine system and other organs containing tissues that secrete hormones in the human body

what are the organs of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland
parathyroid glands
thyroid gland
adrenal glands
pancreas

25
Q

LO7: identify the organs of the endocrine system and other organs containing tissues that secrete hormones in the human body

what are the organs w/ secondary endocrine functions?

A

heart
thymus
adipose tissue
digestive tract
kidneys
gonads

26
Q

LO7: identify the organs of the endocrine system and other organs containing tissues that secrete hormones in the human body

what is the endocrine system made of?

A

made up of all the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

27
Q

LO7: identify the organs of the endocrine system and other organs containing tissues that secrete hormones in the human body

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ

28
Q

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands

what is a gland?

A

organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk

29
Q

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands

endocrine glands have what function?

how do endocrine glands secrete their hormones?

A

intracellular effects –> alter cell metabolism

directly into blood –> ductless

blood capillaries pick up and carry away their hormones

30
Q

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands

exocrine glands have what function?

A

extracellular effects –> digestion of food

release substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body

31
Q

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands

pancreas serves as ___ glands in one

it can behave as an ___ or ___

A

2

exocrine gland

endocrine gland

32
Q

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands

pancreas serves as 2 glands in one:

exocrine gland (describe)

A

acinar cells –> discharge digestive enzymes into ducts that empty into duodenum

33
Q

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands

pancreas serves as 2 glands in one:

endocrine gland (describe)

A

islets of Langerhans –> secrete hormones into blood

34
Q

LO9: indicate similarities b/n the NS and endocrine system

similarities:

A

1) internal communication
2) function as both NT and H
3) identical effects
4) target cells
4) target cells are receptors

both serve for internal communication – they complement each other

several chemicals function as both NT and H (NOR, dopamine, ADH)

some H and NT produce identical effects on the same organ

only certain target organs or target cells are receptors that respond to NT or H

35
Q

LO10: describe neuroendocrine (neurosecretory) cells

A

act like neurons but release hormones into bloodstream

36
Q

LO10: describe neuroendocrine (neurosecretory) cells

examples of neuroendocrine cells and what they secrete

A

magnocellular neurosecretory cells –> synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

adenohypophyseal hormone-releasing factors

37
Q

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland –> hypophysis

what does the hypophyseal portal system link?

what does the hypophyseal portal system regulate?

A

blood vessels that link hypothalamus and anterior pituitary –> adenohypophysis

regulates mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary function

38
Q

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland –> hypophysis

what connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

A

hypophyseal portal system

39
Q

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland –> hypophysis

what does the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract connect?

A

hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

40
Q

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland –> hypophysis

what connects the hypothalamus with the posterior pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

41
Q

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland –> hypophysis

what is the posterior pituitary gland controlled by?

A

neuroendocrine reflexes

42
Q

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland –> hypophysis

explain the hypothalami-hypophyseal tract:

the somas of the neuroendocrine cells are located in the ___, more specifically in the ___ nucleus and ___ nucleus

the axons of the neuroendocrine cells pass down the stalk as a bundle and end in the ___ ___ (___)

A

hypothalamus
paraventricular nucleus
supraoptic nucleus

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology (58 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions