Lecture 20 – NS VI – Integrative brain Flashcards
circadian rhythms are events that reoccur at intervals of about ___ hours
24
sleep is characterized by…
stereotyped posture (lying down, eyes closed)
define sleep paralysis
inhibition of muscular activity
sleep is a (what kind of state)
temporary state of unconsciousness
one can awaken when stimulated
sleep has a ___ effect
restorative
how is sleep a restorative effect?
replenish energy sources
consulate and strengthen memories
growth hormone
LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.
what does EEG stand for?
what does an EEG represent?
what can EEG be used for?
electroencephalogram (EEG)
represents fluctuations in brain electrical activity
helps to diagnose degenerative brain disorders
LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.
what is common criteria for brain death?
lack of brain waves
LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.
brain waves (what are they?)
rhythmic voltage changes
caused by synchronized postsynaptic potentials –> local potentials, not AP
in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex
LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.
what is frequency?
what is amplitude?
frequency = # waves per sec
amplitude = size of wave
LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.
alpha (describe)
awake but resting (eyes closed)
LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.
beta (describe)
eyes open and performing mental tasks
LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.
theta (describe)
drowsy or sleepy (adults) / common in children
LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.
delta (describe)
deep sleep (adults)
LO2: identify the main brain regions and hormones linked with the circadian clock
the body’s master clock is the…
it helps regulate…
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
sleep, body temp, urine production, hormone secretion
LO2: identify the main brain regions and hormones linked with the circadian clock
melatonin is secreted in the ___ phase
melatonin regulates…
dark phase
regulates circadian rhythm
energy balance
triggers onset of sleep
LO2: identify the main brain regions and hormones linked with the circadian clock
orexin is secreted in the ___ phase
orexin regulates…
light phase
regulates wakefulness
food intake
triggers waking
LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion
emotion feelings come from interactions b/n…
prefrontal cortex (PFC) and diencephalon
LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion
hippocampus
hypothalamus
PFC
striatum
amygdala
LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion
hippocampus
memory consolidation of emotional events
LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion
hypothalamus
somatic and visceral motor systems
LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion
PFC
expression of feelings
LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion
striatum
avoidance of stimuli
LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion
amygdala
input from sensory systems
sends output to different brain areas
LO4: list the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex
what are the 3 areas?
1) primary sensory areas
2) primary motor areas
3) association areas
LO4: list the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex
1) primary sensory areas
somatic sensory
5 senses – olfaction, gustation, equilibrium (balance and body position), vision, hearing
general senses
LO4: list the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex
2) primary motor areas
impulses that innervate voluntary skeletal muscles
LO4: list the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex
3) association areas
cognition (integration of info)
LO5: describe examples of cognitive defects caused by lesions in certain association areas
frontal lobe:
social interaction and problem solving
LO5: describe examples of cognitive defects caused by lesions in certain association areas
temporal lobe:
identify stimuli
agnosia – inability to recognize or identify familiar objects
prosopagnosia – cannot recognize faces or facial expressions
LO5: describe examples of cognitive defects caused by lesions in certain association areas
parietal lobe:
perceive and attend to stimuli
controls fine sensation
contralateral neglect syndrome –> unaware of objects or their own limbs on opposite side of body
LO5: describe examples of cognitive defects caused by lesions in certain association areas
prefrontal cortex lesions cause…
personality disorders and socially inappropriate behaviors
LO6: state the function of the regions of the cerebral cortex related to the special senses
primary sensory areas do what…
receive sensory impulses and pass it on to association sensory areas
LO6: state the function of the regions of the cerebral cortex related to the special senses
association sensory areas do what…
integrate incoming sensory info from primary sensory areas
LO6: state the function of the regions of the cerebral cortex related to the special senses
primary sensory areas:
primary gustatory cortex
primary visual cortex
primary auditory cortex
LO6: state the function of the regions of the cerebral cortex related to the special senses
association sensory areas:
visual association area
auditory association area (helps understand spoken words)
LO7: indicate the location of the somatosensory and motor areas of the cortex
precentral gyrus – primary motor cortex
postcentral gyrus – primary somatosensory cortex
broca vs wernicke
broca is in the front
wernicke is in the back
broca is ability to form speech
wernicke is ability to understand speech
both in left hemisphere
LO10: left vs right brain hemisphere
left – “categorical hemisphere”
- reasoning and analyzing math and science
right – “representational hemisphere”
- imagination and 3D and comparisons of sights, smells, sounds, taste
