11.7 – Cardiac and smooth muscle Flashcards

1
Q

walls of the heart consist of ___ muscle tissue

A

cardiac

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2
Q

which describes cardiac muscle tissue?

A

striated, usually uninucleate, branching

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3
Q

skeletal muscles contain which of the following?

A

both slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers

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4
Q

which structures coordinate contraction in cardiac muscle cells?

A

gap junctions

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5
Q

cardiac muscle tissue is autorhythmic but the ___ can increase or decrease the heart rate and contraction strength

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

cardiac and smooth muscle are both considered which of the following?

A

involuntary

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7
Q

where is cardiac muscle found?

A

in the heart wall only

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8
Q

in the heart, what triggers the wave of electrical excitation that causes the heart to contract?

A

pacemaker

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9
Q

___ discs are the thickened notched ends of cardiac muscle cells which contain gap junctions

A

intercalated

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10
Q

intercalated discs contain ___ that prevent cardiac cells from pulling apart during contraction

A

mechanical junctions

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11
Q

which muscle type is resistant to fatigue, contracts w/ a regular rhythm, and functions 24 hrs a day?

A

cardiac

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12
Q

the autonomic nervous system is important int the control of which 2 types of muscle tissue?

A

cardiac
smooth

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13
Q

cardiac muscle cells are considered ___ because they contract rhythmically and independently.

A

autorhythmic

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14
Q

what is the function of the cardiac pacemaker?

A

it triggers contraction in the heart muscle

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15
Q

which muscle tissue is rich in myoglobin, mitochondria, glycogen, and uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively for its energy needs?

A

cardiac

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16
Q

which describes cardiac muscle tissue?

A

striated, usually uninucleate, branching

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17
Q

what are the swellings along the length of a nerve fiber that innervates smooth muscle called?

A

varicosities

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18
Q

why are gap junctions important?

A

they allow the cells to contract in a coordinated fashion

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19
Q

which tissue makes up the piloerector muscle of a hair follicle?

A

smooth muscle

20
Q

which are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A

they contract nearly in unison
they contract w/ regular rhythm
they are resistant to fatigue

21
Q

which describe smooth muscle?

A

smooth muscle has no T-tubules
smooth muscle is uninucleate
smooth muscle has little SR

22
Q

what does it mean that cardiac cells are autorhythmic?

A

they contract rhythmically and independent of nervous stimulation

23
Q

where is single-unit smooth muscle found?

A

wall of uterus
wall of bladder
wall of stomach

24
Q

which statement explains why cardiac muscle is resistant to fatigue?

A

cardiac muscle uses little anaerobic fermentation

25
Q

the varicosities of the autonomic neurons that innervate smooth muscle release what when stimulated?

A

neurotransmitters

26
Q

how does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

A

smooth muscle can be excited in a multitude of ways while skeletal muscle is excited by a neuron

27
Q

what are the functions of smooth muscle?

A

to regulate pupil diameter
to move material thru the digestive tract
to constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressure

28
Q

which 2 types of muscle tissue can be autorhythmic?

A

cardiac
smooth

29
Q

how do smooth muscle myocytes differ from cardiomyocytes?

A

smooth muscle myocytes have no T tubules while cardiac muscles do

30
Q

what type of smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urinary tract?

A

single-unit

31
Q

what is calmodulin?

A

a protein that replaces troponin in smooth muscle cells

32
Q

which are characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

it has large stores of glycogen
it is rich in myoglobin
it uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively

33
Q

the sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has pockets called ___ that contain calcium channels

A

caveolae

34
Q

excitation can be non-electrical in what type of muscle tissue?

A

smooth

35
Q

T or F:

smooth muscle often fatigues

A

false

(consider the consequences of smooth muscle of the gut adn blood vessels fatiguing)

36
Q

the presence of material in the stomach and urinary bladder stretches the wall, stimulating what type of muscle contraction?

A

smooth

37
Q

in which situation would mechanically-regulated calcium gates n smooth muscle cells open?

A

the tissue is stretched

38
Q

which describe smooth muscle?

A

smooth muscle has no T-tubules
smooth muscle is uninucleate
smooth muscle has little SR

39
Q

what regulatory protein is associated w/ the thick filament of smooth muscle and activates myosin light-chain kinase?

A

calmodulin

40
Q

what is the immediate trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle?

A

calcium ions

41
Q

which muscle tissue frequently exhibits tetanus and is resistant to fatigue?

A

smooth

42
Q

how can the stretching of smooth muscle lead to smooth muscle contraction?

A

stretching causes the opening of mechanically gated calcium ion channels in the sarcolemma

43
Q

___ muscle cells have a fusiform shape and taper to a point at the ends

A

smooth

44
Q

what is calmodulin?

A

a protein that replaces troponin in smooth muscle cells

45
Q

T or F:
smooth muscle often fatigues

A

false

(consider the consequences of smooth muscle of the gut and blood vessels fatiguing)

46
Q

in smooth muscle, which protein does calcium bind to?

A

calmodulin