Lecture 21 -- NS VII -- Autonomic NS Flashcards by Jonah Chang

LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):

“self-governed” = almost fully independent of our will

manage of involuntary processes

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LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):

autonomic NS influences…

the function of internal organs (glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle)

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LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):

the autonomic NS is also know as the ___

visceral motor system

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LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):

parts and classification of autonomic NS:

sympathetic and parasympathetic division of visceral motor division –> peripheral NS

can also include visceral sensory division

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LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):

visceral reflexes (define)

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation (similar to somatic reflexes) initiated in viscera

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LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):

list out the parts in order:

receptors in viscera

afferent (sensory neuron)

dorsal root ganglion

integrating center and interneurons in CNS

efferent (motor neurons) — preganglionic neuron –> post ganglionic neuron

autonomic ganglion

visceral effector (carries out end response)

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LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):

what do receptors in viscera do?

nerve endings that detect stretch, tissue damage, blood chemistry, body temp, etc.

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LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):

what are the visceral effectors?

carry out end response in smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands

don’t depend on autonomic NS to function, but only to adjust their activity based on body’s changing needs

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LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

though the ANS is not considered to be under ___ ___ control, many of its activities are regulated by the ___

direct voluntary

CNS

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LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what does the hypothalamus have to do with ANS?

major control center of ANS

the boss of overall integration of ANS

contains several nuclei of autonomic control involved in primitive functions (hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, emotions, sexuality)

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LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

brain areas involved in ANS

cerebral cortex (frontal lobe)

limbic system (emotional imput)

hypothalamus

brain stem

spinal cord

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LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what do cerebral cortex and limbic system have to do with ANS?

they communicate at subconscious level

connecting sensory and mental experience w/ the ANS

and emotional influences

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LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what does the brain stem and reticular formation have to do with the ANS?

cardiovascular centers
respiratory centers

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LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what does the brain stem and reticular formation have to do with the ANS?

cardiovascular centers
respiratory centers

regulates pupil size, heart, blood pressure, airflow, salivation, etc.

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LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what does spinal cord have to do with ANS?

reflexes for urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation

can be consciously inhibited by the brain –> brain can still have conscious control over when and where to eliminate wastes

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

difference in (1) functional role:

same visceral organs but opposite effects

parasympathetic:
“rest and digest” –> works to conserve body energy

sympathetic:
“fight or flight” –> exertion, stress, or emergency

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

what is autonomic tone?

the background rate of activity exhibited by parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

balance b/n sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone shifts w/ body’s changing needs

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

how does autonomic tone shift?

balance b/n sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone shifts w/ body’s changing needs

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

give example of sympathetic tone.

sympathetic tone keeps most blood vessels partially constricted –> maintains blood pressure

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

difference in (2) origin in CNS

sympathetic division origin in CNS:
- thoracolumbar division:

parasympathetic division origin in CNS:
- craniosacral division

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

describe location of preganglionic neurons in sympathetic division

arise from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

exit spinal cord by way of spinal nerves to nearby sympathetic chain ganglia

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

describe location of preganglionic neurons in parasympathetic division

exit brainstem via cranial nerves

exit spinal cord via spinal nerves

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

define paravertebral ganglia:

para = next to; vertebr = vertebral column

part of sympathetic division

adjacent to both sides of vertebral column from cervical to coccygeal level

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

define ganglia:

collections of neural cell bodies that lie outside the CNS

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LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions: which thoracic and lumbar nerves are involved in the sympathetic division?

T1-12 L1-2

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions: which cranial and sacral nerves are part of parasympathetic division?

3, 7, 9, 10 S2-4

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions: differences in (3) length of pre- and post-ganglionic axons

sympathetic: - pre is short - post is long parasympathetic: - pre is long - post is short

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions: differences in (4) location of ganglion

sympathetic: - ganglia close to CNS parasympathetic: - ganglia in or close to visceral organ served

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions: differences in (5) NTs at the effector

sympathetic: - norepinephrine - epinephrine parasympathetic: - acetylcholine

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions: differences in (6) degree of branching of preganglionic axons

sympathetic: - extensive branching parasympathetic: - some branching

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions: define neural divergence

1 neuron synapses on many neurons

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions: differences in (6) degree of branching of preganglionic axons: are effects widespread or selective?

sympathetic: - each preganglionic fiber branches out to multiple postganglionic neurons - 1 preganglionic neuron fires and excites multiple post ganglionic fibers leading to different target organs --> widespread effects parasympathetic: - some branching but only occurs after preganglionic fiber reaches target organ --> selective stimulation of target organs

LO5: 3 main differences b/n autonomic and somatic NS: (1) # of neurons from CNS to effector organs

somatic NS: - 1 neuron from CNS to effector organs autonomic NS: - 2 neurons from CNS to effector organs

LO5: 3 main differences b/n autonomic and somatic NS: (2) 2nd difference b/n autonomic and somatic NS

autonomic NS has 2 neurons that are connected by a ganglion preganglionic axons transmit ACh to postganglionic neuron

LO5: 3 main differences b/n autonomic and somatic NS: (3) what happens at the end of postganglionic fibers

sympathetic NS: - postganglionic fibers synapse w/ a specific target cell autonomic NS: - postganglionic fibers end in beadlike chain of varicosities that diffusely release NT into the tissue and stimulate many cells simultaneously

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia: name the 3 routes:

1) spinal nerve route 2) sympathetic nerve route 3) splanchnic nerve route

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia: 1) spinal nerve route -- where does it synapse

synapse in sympathetic trunk ganglion at the same level preganglionic fibers end in the ganglion they enter and synapse immediately w/ a postganglionic neuron that returns to the spinal nerve via the gray ramus communicans at that level

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia: describe the Rami communicantes in the spinal nerve route:

pre-ganglionic axons --> white ramus communicans post-ganglionic axons --> gray ramus communicans

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia: 2) sympathetic nerve route -- where does it synapse

synapse in sympathetic trunk ganglion at a higher or lower level preganglionic axon travels up or down in the sympathetic trunk

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia: 3) splanchnic nerve route -- where does it synapse

pass thru sympathetic trunk to synapse in a collateral ganglion

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia: 3) splanchnic nerve route: preganglionic fibers continue as ___ ___ beyond the ___

splanchnic nerves beyond the ganglia

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia: 3) splanchnic nerve route: define collateral ganglia

AKA prevertebral ganglia sympathetic ganglia which lie b/n the sympathetic chain and the organ of supply

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia: 3) splanchnic nerve route: what are collateral ganglia associated with?

associated w/ controlling organs in the abdominal cavity splanchnic = pertaining to the digestive tract

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia: what are the 3 major collateral ganglia?

celiac ganglia superior mesenteric ganglia inferior mesenteric ganglia

LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS: define sympathoadrenal system

physiological connection b/n sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla

LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS: what is the adrenal medulla?

inner core of adrenal gland in the kidney considered a sympathetic ganglion consists of postganglionic neurons w/o dendrites or axons

LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS: what NTs are released by the adrenal gland in response to the sympathetic NT? what do the NTs get released thru?

catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine NTs get released through capillaries of the kidney

LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS: describe the steps of sympathetic NS to adrenal gland

spinal cord T8-L1 --> ventral root --> thoracic splanchnic nerve --> sympathetic preganglionic fibers --> adrenal medulla --> release epinephrine and norepinephrine --> released out of capillary

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: sympathetic receptors are...

alpha (a1, a2) beta (b1, b2, b3 or nicotinic receptors (Nm, Nn)

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: parasympathetic receptors are...

M2 (heart) and M3 (rest organs) muscarinic receptors

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: define cholinergic receptors what are types of cholinergic receptors?

receptors that bind to ACh nicotinic receptors (Nm, Nn) muscarinic receptors (M2, M3, M1, M4, M5)

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: most of the receptors are ___ receptors that act thru 2nd messengers, but they couple w/ different G-proteins what are the different G-proteins?

G-protein coupled Gs = stimulate Gi = inhibitory Gq = excitatory

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: define sympathetic (adrenergic) receptors and give examples

receptors that bind NE and EPI alpha receptors (a1, a2) beta receptors (b1, b2, b3)

receptors that bind ACh nicotinic receptors (Nm, Nn) muscarinic receptors (M2, M3, M1, M4, M5)

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: alpha 1 receptors coupled w/ Gq is... leads to...

sympathetic excitatory vascoconstriction mydriasis (dilation of pupil) contraction and urinary retention glycogenolysis failure to release renin (enzyme that raises BP) --> lowers BP

sympathetic inhibitory located primarily on presynaptic nerve endings inhibits vesicles from fusing w/ plasma mb alpha 2 agonists are considered anti-adrenergic lowers sympathetic tone

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: beta receptors are always coupled w/ ___ proteins

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: b1 receptors coupled w/ Gs protein leads to...

greater HR greater contractility greater AV conduction greater renin release greater blood pressure

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: b2 receptors coupled w/ Gs protein leads to...

smooth muscle relaxation bronchodilation vasodilation greater insulin less GI motility

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: b3 receptors coupled w/ Gs protein leads to...

greater lipolysis relaxation of bladder (prevention of urination)

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat: eye redness (caused by vasodilation)

you want to vasoconstrict --> alpha 1 receptor coupled w/ Gq protein

you want to lower BP --> don't release renin (enzyme that raises BP) --> alpha 1 receptor coupled w/ Gq protein

you want to restore cardiac functionality by raising HR and contractility beta 1 receptor w/ Gs protein

you want to bronchodilation --> beta 2 receptor w/ Gs protein

you want to relax bladder --> beta 3 receptor w/ Gs protein

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors: explain how nicotinic receptors work:

ACh passes into neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle fibers --> ACh binds to Nm receptors --> excitatory --> causes Na+ channels to open and allow depolarization to occur --> leads to muscle contraction

all peripheral ANS ganglia (post ganglionic neurons), including adrenal medulla (chromatin cells) Ach binds to nicotinic receptors at the ganglia of all perpiheral ANS ganglia

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation 2 systems are in ___ to each other

opposition

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation describe "autonomic tone"

parasympathetic slows heart rate sympathetic increases heart rate

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation ___ ___ subtype from ___ ___ tends to ___

one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue: which receptor dominates in cardiac myocytes?

b-1: increases HR increases contractility increase AV conduction increases renin release increases BP

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue: which receptor dominates in smooth muscle of airways?

b-2 --> "smooth muscle relaxation" bronchodilation vasodilation greater insulin release lowered GI motility

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue: which receptor dominates in smooth muscles lining blood vessels?

a-1 --> excitatory vasoconstriction mydriasis (pupil dilation) contraction and urinary retention glycogenolysis no release of renin

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands sympathetic division supplies some ___ ___ that the parasympathetic division does not: those 3 peripheral structures are...

peripheral structures (1) arrector pilli (2) sweat glands (3) smooth muscle of blood vessels

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands define dual innervation

one organ receives fibers from both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS SNS and PSNS have antagonistic effects

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands exception to rule: sweat glands

body temp regulation: - eccrine glands release Ach to cholinergic receptors - postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete NE activated w/ stress: - located sweat glands release NE to adrenergic receptors

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands exception to rule: blood vessels

smooth muscles lining blood vessels --> alpha 1 no parasympathetic innervation

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands exception to rule: blood vessels define vasomotor tone:

continual input from the sympathetic division to the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, resulting in a partial and constant tension vasoconstriction --> high rate of firing from sympathetic nerve fiber vasodilation --> low rate of firing from sympathetic nerve fiber

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the "baroflex" (= baroreceptor reflex) what is the baroflex receptor?

one of body's homeostatic mechanisms that helps to maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels by changing autonomic outflow to the heart and vasculature

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the "baroflex" (= baroreceptor reflex) what are baroreceptors?

stretch receptors located in wall of aortic arch and carotid sinus

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the "baroreflex" (= baroreceptor reflex) what is the cardiovascular center in the baroreflex?

medulla oblongata

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the "baroflex" (= baroreceptor reflex) explain how arterial BP affects baroreceptors and action potentials

increased arterial BP stretches walls of aorta and carotid arteries --> causes baroreceptors to fire action potentials at a higher-than-normal rate

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the "baroflex" (= baroreceptor reflex) changes in ___ (___) outflow directed at the heart

parasympathetic (vagal)

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the "baroflex" (= baroreceptor reflex) changes in ___ outflow, directed at the vasculature and the heart

sympathetic