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BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology > Lecture 21 -- NS VII -- Autonomic NS > Flashcards

Lecture 21 -- NS VII -- Autonomic NS Flashcards

1
Q

LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):

A

“self-governed” = almost fully independent of our will

manage of involuntary processes

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2
Q

LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):

autonomic NS influences…

A

the function of internal organs (glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle)

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3
Q

LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):

the autonomic NS is also know as the ___

A

visceral motor system

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4
Q

LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):

parts and classification of autonomic NS:

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic division of visceral motor division –> peripheral NS

can also include visceral sensory division

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5
Q

LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):

visceral reflexes (define)

A

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation (similar to somatic reflexes) initiated in viscera

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6
Q

LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):

list out the parts in order:

A

receptors in viscera

afferent (sensory neuron)

dorsal root ganglion

integrating center and interneurons in CNS

efferent (motor neurons) — preganglionic neuron –> post ganglionic neuron

autonomic ganglion

visceral effector (carries out end response)

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7
Q

LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):

what do receptors in viscera do?

A

nerve endings that detect stretch, tissue damage, blood chemistry, body temp, etc.

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8
Q

LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):

what are the visceral effectors?

A

carry out end response in smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands

don’t depend on autonomic NS to function, but only to adjust their activity based on body’s changing needs

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9
Q

LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

though the ANS is not considered to be under ___ ___ control, many of its activities are regulated by the ___

A

direct voluntary

CNS

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10
Q

LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what does the hypothalamus have to do with ANS?

A

major control center of ANS

the boss of overall integration of ANS

contains several nuclei of autonomic control involved in primitive functions (hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, emotions, sexuality)

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11
Q

LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

brain areas involved in ANS

A

cerebral cortex (frontal lobe)

limbic system (emotional imput)

hypothalamus

brain stem

spinal cord

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12
Q

LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what do cerebral cortex and limbic system have to do with ANS?

A

they communicate at subconscious level

connecting sensory and mental experience w/ the ANS

and emotional influences

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13
Q

LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what does the brain stem and reticular formation have to do with the ANS?

A

cardiovascular centers
respiratory centers

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14
Q

LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what does the brain stem and reticular formation have to do with the ANS?

A

cardiovascular centers
respiratory centers

regulates pupil size, heart, blood pressure, airflow, salivation, etc.

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15
Q

LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:

what does spinal cord have to do with ANS?

A

reflexes for urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation

can be consciously inhibited by the brain –> brain can still have conscious control over when and where to eliminate wastes

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16
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

difference in (1) functional role:

A

same visceral organs but opposite effects

parasympathetic:
“rest and digest” –> works to conserve body energy

sympathetic:
“fight or flight” –> exertion, stress, or emergency

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17
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

what is autonomic tone?

A

the background rate of activity exhibited by parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

balance b/n sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone shifts w/ body’s changing needs

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18
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

how does autonomic tone shift?

A

balance b/n sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone shifts w/ body’s changing needs

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19
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

give example of sympathetic tone.

A

sympathetic tone keeps most blood vessels partially constricted –> maintains blood pressure

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20
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

difference in (2) origin in CNS

A

sympathetic division origin in CNS:
- thoracolumbar division:

parasympathetic division origin in CNS:
- craniosacral division

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21
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

describe location of preganglionic neurons in sympathetic division

A

arise from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

exit spinal cord by way of spinal nerves to nearby sympathetic chain ganglia

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22
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

describe location of preganglionic neurons in parasympathetic division

A

exit brainstem via cranial nerves

exit spinal cord via spinal nerves

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23
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

define paravertebral ganglia:

A

para = next to; vertebr = vertebral column

part of sympathetic division

adjacent to both sides of vertebral column from cervical to coccygeal level

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24
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

define ganglia:

A

collections of neural cell bodies that lie outside the CNS

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25
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

which thoracic and lumbar nerves are involved in the sympathetic division?

A

T1-12

L1-2

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26
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

which cranial and sacral nerves are part of parasympathetic division?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

S2-4

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27
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

differences in (3) length of pre- and post-ganglionic axons

A

sympathetic:
- pre is short
- post is long

parasympathetic:
- pre is long
- post is short

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28
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

differences in (4) location of ganglion

A

sympathetic:
- ganglia close to CNS

parasympathetic:
- ganglia in or close to visceral organ served

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29
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

differences in (5) NTs at the effector

A

sympathetic:
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine

parasympathetic:
- acetylcholine

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30
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

differences in (6) degree of branching of preganglionic axons

A

sympathetic:
- extensive branching

parasympathetic:
- some branching

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31
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

define neural divergence

A

1 neuron synapses on many neurons

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32
Q

LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

differences in (6) degree of branching of preganglionic axons:

are effects widespread or selective?

A

sympathetic:
- each preganglionic fiber branches out to multiple postganglionic neurons
- 1 preganglionic neuron fires and excites multiple post ganglionic fibers leading to different target organs –> widespread effects

parasympathetic:
- some branching but only occurs after preganglionic fiber reaches target organ –> selective stimulation of target organs

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33
Q

LO5: 3 main differences b/n autonomic and somatic NS:

(1) # of neurons from CNS to effector organs

A

somatic NS:
- 1 neuron from CNS to effector organs

autonomic NS:
- 2 neurons from CNS to effector organs

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34
Q

LO5: 3 main differences b/n autonomic and somatic NS:

(2) 2nd difference b/n autonomic and somatic NS

A

autonomic NS has 2 neurons that are connected by a ganglion

preganglionic axons transmit ACh to postganglionic neuron

35
Q

LO5: 3 main differences b/n autonomic and somatic NS:

(3) what happens at the end of postganglionic fibers

A

sympathetic NS:
- postganglionic fibers synapse w/ a specific target cell

autonomic NS:
- postganglionic fibers end in beadlike chain of varicosities that diffusely release NT into the tissue and stimulate many cells simultaneously

36
Q

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:

name the 3 routes:

A

1) spinal nerve route

2) sympathetic nerve route

3) splanchnic nerve route

37
Q

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:

1) spinal nerve route – where does it synapse

A

synapse in sympathetic trunk ganglion at the same level

preganglionic fibers end in the ganglion they enter and synapse immediately w/ a postganglionic neuron that returns to the spinal nerve via the gray ramus communicans at that level

38
Q

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:

describe the Rami communicantes in the spinal nerve route:

A

pre-ganglionic axons –> white ramus communicans

post-ganglionic axons –> gray ramus communicans

39
Q

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:

2) sympathetic nerve route – where does it synapse

A

synapse in sympathetic trunk ganglion at a higher or lower level

preganglionic axon travels up or down in the sympathetic trunk

40
Q

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:

3) splanchnic nerve route – where does it synapse

A

pass thru sympathetic trunk to synapse in a collateral ganglion

41
Q

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:

3) splanchnic nerve route:

preganglionic fibers continue as ___ ___ beyond the ___

A

splanchnic nerves beyond the ganglia

42
Q

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:

3) splanchnic nerve route:

define collateral ganglia

A

AKA prevertebral ganglia

sympathetic ganglia which lie b/n the sympathetic chain and the organ of supply

43
Q

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:

3) splanchnic nerve route:

what are collateral ganglia associated with?

A

associated w/ controlling organs in the abdominal cavity

splanchnic = pertaining to the digestive tract

44
Q

LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:

what are the 3 major collateral ganglia?

A

celiac ganglia
superior mesenteric ganglia
inferior mesenteric ganglia

45
Q

LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS:

define sympathoadrenal system

A

physiological connection b/n sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla

46
Q

LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS:

what is the adrenal medulla?

A

inner core of adrenal gland in the kidney

considered a sympathetic ganglion

consists of postganglionic neurons w/o dendrites or axons

47
Q

LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS:

what NTs are released by the adrenal gland in response to the sympathetic NT?

what do the NTs get released thru?

A

catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine

NTs get released through capillaries of the kidney

48
Q

LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS:

describe the steps of sympathetic NS to adrenal gland

A

spinal cord T8-L1 –> ventral root –> thoracic splanchnic nerve –> sympathetic preganglionic fibers –> adrenal medulla –> release epinephrine and norepinephrine –> released out of capillary

49
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

sympathetic receptors are…

A

alpha (a1, a2)
beta (b1, b2, b3
or
nicotinic receptors (Nm, Nn)

50
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

parasympathetic receptors are…

A

M2 (heart) and M3 (rest organs) muscarinic receptors

51
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

define cholinergic receptors

what are types of cholinergic receptors?

A

receptors that bind to ACh

nicotinic receptors (Nm, Nn)

muscarinic receptors (M2, M3, M1, M4, M5)

52
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

most of the receptors are ___ receptors that act thru 2nd messengers, but they couple w/ different G-proteins

what are the different G-proteins?

A

G-protein coupled

Gs = stimulate
Gi = inhibitory
Gq = excitatory

53
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

define sympathetic (adrenergic) receptors and give examples

A

receptors that bind NE and EPI

alpha receptors (a1, a2)

beta receptors (b1, b2, b3)

54
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

define cholinergic receptors and give examples

A

receptors that bind ACh

nicotinic receptors (Nm, Nn)

muscarinic receptors (M2, M3, M1, M4, M5)

55
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

alpha 1 receptors coupled w/ Gq is…
leads to…

A

sympathetic
excitatory

vascoconstriction

mydriasis (dilation of pupil)

contraction and urinary retention

glycogenolysis

failure to release renin (enzyme that raises BP) –> lowers BP

56
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

alpha 2 receptors coupled w/ Gi is…
leads to…

A

sympathetic
inhibitory

located primarily on presynaptic nerve endings

inhibits vesicles from fusing w/ plasma mb

alpha 2 agonists are considered anti-adrenergic

lowers sympathetic tone

57
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

beta receptors are always coupled w/ ___ proteins

A

Gs

58
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

b1 receptors coupled w/ Gs protein leads to…

A

greater HR
greater contractility
greater AV conduction

greater renin release
greater blood pressure

59
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

b2 receptors coupled w/ Gs protein leads to…

A

smooth muscle relaxation

bronchodilation

vasodilation

greater insulin
less GI motility

60
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

b3 receptors coupled w/ Gs protein leads to…

A

greater lipolysis

relaxation of bladder (prevention of urination)

61
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:

eye redness (caused by vasodilation)

A

you want to vasoconstrict –>

alpha 1 receptor coupled w/ Gq protein

62
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:

hypertension (BP too high)

A

you want to lower BP –>

don’t release renin (enzyme that raises BP) –>

alpha 1 receptor coupled w/ Gq protein

63
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:

acute heart failure

A

you want to restore cardiac functionality by raising HR and contractility

beta 1 receptor w/ Gs protein

64
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:

relief of asthma

A

you want to bronchodilation –>

beta 2 receptor w/ Gs protein

65
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:

over-reactive bladder

A

you want to relax bladder –>

beta 3 receptor w/ Gs protein

66
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

explain how nicotinic receptors work:

A

ACh passes into neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle fibers –> ACh binds to Nm receptors –> excitatory –> causes Na+ channels to open and allow depolarization to occur –> leads to muscle contraction

67
Q

LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:

explain where nicotinic receptors function:

A

all peripheral ANS ganglia (post ganglionic neurons), including adrenal medulla (chromatin cells)

Ach binds to nicotinic receptors at the ganglia of all perpiheral ANS ganglia

68
Q

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation

2 systems are in ___ to each other

A

opposition

69
Q

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation

describe “autonomic tone”

A

parasympathetic slows heart rate

sympathetic increases heart rate

70
Q

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation

___ ___ subtype from ___ ___ tends to ___

A

one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue

71
Q

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation

one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue:

which receptor dominates in cardiac myocytes?

A

b-1:

increases HR
increases contractility
increase AV conduction

increases renin release
increases BP

72
Q

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation

one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue:

which receptor dominates in smooth muscle of airways?

A

b-2 –> “smooth muscle relaxation”

bronchodilation
vasodilation
greater insulin release
lowered GI motility

73
Q

LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation

one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue:

which receptor dominates in smooth muscles lining blood vessels?

A

a-1 –> excitatory

vasoconstriction
mydriasis (pupil dilation)
contraction and urinary retention
glycogenolysis
no release of renin

74
Q

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands

sympathetic division supplies some ___ ___ that the parasympathetic division does not:

those 3 peripheral structures are…

A

peripheral structures

(1) arrector pilli
(2) sweat glands
(3) smooth muscle of blood vessels

75
Q

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands

define dual innervation

A

one organ receives fibers from both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

SNS and PSNS have antagonistic effects

76
Q

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands

exception to rule: sweat glands

A

body temp regulation:
- eccrine glands release Ach to cholinergic receptors
- postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete NE

activated w/ stress:
- located sweat glands release NE to adrenergic receptors

77
Q

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands

exception to rule: blood vessels

A

smooth muscles lining blood vessels –> alpha 1

no parasympathetic innervation

78
Q

LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands

exception to rule: blood vessels

define vasomotor tone:

A

continual input from the sympathetic division to the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, resulting in a partial and constant tension

vasoconstriction –> high rate of firing from sympathetic nerve fiber

vasodilation –> low rate of firing from sympathetic nerve fiber

79
Q

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)

what is the baroflex receptor?

A

one of body’s homeostatic mechanisms that helps to maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels by changing autonomic outflow to the heart and vasculature

80
Q

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)

what are baroreceptors?

A

stretch receptors

located in wall of aortic arch and carotid sinus

81
Q

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroreflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)

what is the cardiovascular center in the baroreflex?

A

medulla oblongata

82
Q

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)

explain how arterial BP affects baroreceptors and action potentials

A

increased arterial BP stretches walls of aorta and carotid arteries –> causes baroreceptors to fire action potentials at a higher-than-normal rate

83
Q

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)

changes in ___ (___) outflow directed at the heart

A

parasympathetic (vagal)

84
Q

LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)

changes in ___ outflow, directed at the vasculature and the heart

A

sympathetic

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology (58 decks)

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