Lecture 21 -- NS VII -- Autonomic NS Flashcards
LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):
“self-governed” = almost fully independent of our will
manage of involuntary processes
LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):
autonomic NS influences…
the function of internal organs (glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle)
LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):
the autonomic NS is also know as the ___
visceral motor system
LO1: define autonomic nervous system (ANS):
parts and classification of autonomic NS:
sympathetic and parasympathetic division of visceral motor division –> peripheral NS
can also include visceral sensory division
LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):
visceral reflexes (define)
unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation (similar to somatic reflexes) initiated in viscera
LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):
list out the parts in order:
receptors in viscera
afferent (sensory neuron)
dorsal root ganglion
integrating center and interneurons in CNS
efferent (motor neurons) — preganglionic neuron –> post ganglionic neuron
autonomic ganglion
visceral effector (carries out end response)
LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):
what do receptors in viscera do?
nerve endings that detect stretch, tissue damage, blood chemistry, body temp, etc.
LO2: basic elements of visceral reflex (visceral or autonomic reflex arc):
what are the visceral effectors?
carry out end response in smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands
don’t depend on autonomic NS to function, but only to adjust their activity based on body’s changing needs
LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:
though the ANS is not considered to be under ___ ___ control, many of its activities are regulated by the ___
direct voluntary
CNS
LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:
what does the hypothalamus have to do with ANS?
major control center of ANS
the boss of overall integration of ANS
contains several nuclei of autonomic control involved in primitive functions (hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, emotions, sexuality)
LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:
brain areas involved in ANS
cerebral cortex (frontal lobe)
limbic system (emotional imput)
hypothalamus
brain stem
spinal cord
LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:
what do cerebral cortex and limbic system have to do with ANS?
they communicate at subconscious level
connecting sensory and mental experience w/ the ANS
and emotional influences
LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:
what does the brain stem and reticular formation have to do with the ANS?
cardiovascular centers
respiratory centers
LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:
what does the brain stem and reticular formation have to do with the ANS?
cardiovascular centers
respiratory centers
regulates pupil size, heart, blood pressure, airflow, salivation, etc.
LO3: identify brain areas that influence the ANS:
what does spinal cord have to do with ANS?
reflexes for urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation
can be consciously inhibited by the brain –> brain can still have conscious control over when and where to eliminate wastes
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
difference in (1) functional role:
same visceral organs but opposite effects
parasympathetic:
“rest and digest” –> works to conserve body energy
sympathetic:
“fight or flight” –> exertion, stress, or emergency
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
what is autonomic tone?
the background rate of activity exhibited by parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
balance b/n sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone shifts w/ body’s changing needs
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
how does autonomic tone shift?
balance b/n sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone shifts w/ body’s changing needs
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
give example of sympathetic tone.
sympathetic tone keeps most blood vessels partially constricted –> maintains blood pressure
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
difference in (2) origin in CNS
sympathetic division origin in CNS:
- thoracolumbar division:
parasympathetic division origin in CNS:
- craniosacral division
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
describe location of preganglionic neurons in sympathetic division
arise from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
exit spinal cord by way of spinal nerves to nearby sympathetic chain ganglia
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
describe location of preganglionic neurons in parasympathetic division
exit brainstem via cranial nerves
exit spinal cord via spinal nerves
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
define paravertebral ganglia:
para = next to; vertebr = vertebral column
part of sympathetic division
adjacent to both sides of vertebral column from cervical to coccygeal level
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
define ganglia:
collections of neural cell bodies that lie outside the CNS
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
which thoracic and lumbar nerves are involved in the sympathetic division?
T1-12
L1-2
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
which cranial and sacral nerves are part of parasympathetic division?
3, 7, 9, 10
S2-4
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
differences in (3) length of pre- and post-ganglionic axons
sympathetic:
- pre is short
- post is long
parasympathetic:
- pre is long
- post is short
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
differences in (4) location of ganglion
sympathetic:
- ganglia close to CNS
parasympathetic:
- ganglia in or close to visceral organ served
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
differences in (5) NTs at the effector
sympathetic:
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
parasympathetic:
- acetylcholine
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
differences in (6) degree of branching of preganglionic axons
sympathetic:
- extensive branching
parasympathetic:
- some branching
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
define neural divergence
1 neuron synapses on many neurons
LO4: discuss the anatomical and physiological differences b/n the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:
differences in (6) degree of branching of preganglionic axons:
are effects widespread or selective?
sympathetic:
- each preganglionic fiber branches out to multiple postganglionic neurons
- 1 preganglionic neuron fires and excites multiple post ganglionic fibers leading to different target organs –> widespread effects
parasympathetic:
- some branching but only occurs after preganglionic fiber reaches target organ –> selective stimulation of target organs
LO5: 3 main differences b/n autonomic and somatic NS:
(1) # of neurons from CNS to effector organs
somatic NS:
- 1 neuron from CNS to effector organs
autonomic NS:
- 2 neurons from CNS to effector organs
LO5: 3 main differences b/n autonomic and somatic NS:
(2) 2nd difference b/n autonomic and somatic NS
autonomic NS has 2 neurons that are connected by a ganglion
preganglionic axons transmit ACh to postganglionic neuron
LO5: 3 main differences b/n autonomic and somatic NS:
(3) what happens at the end of postganglionic fibers
sympathetic NS:
- postganglionic fibers synapse w/ a specific target cell
autonomic NS:
- postganglionic fibers end in beadlike chain of varicosities that diffusely release NT into the tissue and stimulate many cells simultaneously
LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:
name the 3 routes:
1) spinal nerve route
2) sympathetic nerve route
3) splanchnic nerve route
LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:
1) spinal nerve route – where does it synapse
synapse in sympathetic trunk ganglion at the same level
preganglionic fibers end in the ganglion they enter and synapse immediately w/ a postganglionic neuron that returns to the spinal nerve via the gray ramus communicans at that level
LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:
describe the Rami communicantes in the spinal nerve route:
pre-ganglionic axons –> white ramus communicans
post-ganglionic axons –> gray ramus communicans
LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:
2) sympathetic nerve route – where does it synapse
synapse in sympathetic trunk ganglion at a higher or lower level
preganglionic axon travels up or down in the sympathetic trunk
LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:
3) splanchnic nerve route – where does it synapse
pass thru sympathetic trunk to synapse in a collateral ganglion
LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:
3) splanchnic nerve route:
preganglionic fibers continue as ___ ___ beyond the ___
splanchnic nerves beyond the ganglia
LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:
3) splanchnic nerve route:
define collateral ganglia
AKA prevertebral ganglia
sympathetic ganglia which lie b/n the sympathetic chain and the organ of supply
LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:
3) splanchnic nerve route:
what are collateral ganglia associated with?
associated w/ controlling organs in the abdominal cavity
splanchnic = pertaining to the digestive tract
LO6: describe the 3 routes that the sympathetic fibers can follow after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia:
what are the 3 major collateral ganglia?
celiac ganglia
superior mesenteric ganglia
inferior mesenteric ganglia
LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS:
define sympathoadrenal system
physiological connection b/n sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla
LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS:
what is the adrenal medulla?
inner core of adrenal gland in the kidney
considered a sympathetic ganglion
consists of postganglionic neurons w/o dendrites or axons
LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS:
what NTs are released by the adrenal gland in response to the sympathetic NT?
what do the NTs get released thru?
catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine
NTs get released through capillaries of the kidney
LO7: discuss the anatomical relationship b/n the adrenal glands and the sympathetic NS:
describe the steps of sympathetic NS to adrenal gland
spinal cord T8-L1 –> ventral root –> thoracic splanchnic nerve –> sympathetic preganglionic fibers –> adrenal medulla –> release epinephrine and norepinephrine –> released out of capillary
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
sympathetic receptors are…
alpha (a1, a2)
beta (b1, b2, b3
or
nicotinic receptors (Nm, Nn)
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
parasympathetic receptors are…
M2 (heart) and M3 (rest organs) muscarinic receptors
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
define cholinergic receptors
what are types of cholinergic receptors?
receptors that bind to ACh
nicotinic receptors (Nm, Nn)
muscarinic receptors (M2, M3, M1, M4, M5)
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
most of the receptors are ___ receptors that act thru 2nd messengers, but they couple w/ different G-proteins
what are the different G-proteins?
G-protein coupled
Gs = stimulate
Gi = inhibitory
Gq = excitatory
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
define sympathetic (adrenergic) receptors and give examples
receptors that bind NE and EPI
alpha receptors (a1, a2)
beta receptors (b1, b2, b3)
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
define cholinergic receptors and give examples
receptors that bind ACh
nicotinic receptors (Nm, Nn)
muscarinic receptors (M2, M3, M1, M4, M5)
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
alpha 1 receptors coupled w/ Gq is…
leads to…
sympathetic
excitatory
vascoconstriction
mydriasis (dilation of pupil)
contraction and urinary retention
glycogenolysis
failure to release renin (enzyme that raises BP) –> lowers BP
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
alpha 2 receptors coupled w/ Gi is…
leads to…
sympathetic
inhibitory
located primarily on presynaptic nerve endings
inhibits vesicles from fusing w/ plasma mb
alpha 2 agonists are considered anti-adrenergic
lowers sympathetic tone
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
beta receptors are always coupled w/ ___ proteins
Gs
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
b1 receptors coupled w/ Gs protein leads to…
greater HR
greater contractility
greater AV conduction
greater renin release
greater blood pressure
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
b2 receptors coupled w/ Gs protein leads to…
smooth muscle relaxation
bronchodilation
vasodilation
greater insulin
less GI motility
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
b3 receptors coupled w/ Gs protein leads to…
greater lipolysis
relaxation of bladder (prevention of urination)
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:
eye redness (caused by vasodilation)
you want to vasoconstrict –>
alpha 1 receptor coupled w/ Gq protein
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:
hypertension (BP too high)
you want to lower BP –>
don’t release renin (enzyme that raises BP) –>
alpha 1 receptor coupled w/ Gq protein
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:
acute heart failure
you want to restore cardiac functionality by raising HR and contractility
beta 1 receptor w/ Gs protein
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:
relief of asthma
you want to bronchodilation –>
beta 2 receptor w/ Gs protein
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
which adrenergic receptor can be used to treat:
over-reactive bladder
you want to relax bladder –>
beta 3 receptor w/ Gs protein
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
explain how nicotinic receptors work:
ACh passes into neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle fibers –> ACh binds to Nm receptors –> excitatory –> causes Na+ channels to open and allow depolarization to occur –> leads to muscle contraction
LO10: analyze the role of stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors, their associated NTs, and the potential effects of drugs that activate these receptors:
explain where nicotinic receptors function:
all peripheral ANS ganglia (post ganglionic neurons), including adrenal medulla (chromatin cells)
Ach binds to nicotinic receptors at the ganglia of all perpiheral ANS ganglia
LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation
2 systems are in ___ to each other
opposition
LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation
describe “autonomic tone”
parasympathetic slows heart rate
sympathetic increases heart rate
LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation
___ ___ subtype from ___ ___ tends to ___
one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue
LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation
one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue:
which receptor dominates in cardiac myocytes?
b-1:
increases HR
increases contractility
increase AV conduction
increases renin release
increases BP
LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation
one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue:
which receptor dominates in smooth muscle of airways?
b-2 –> “smooth muscle relaxation”
bronchodilation
vasodilation
greater insulin release
lowered GI motility
LO11: explain how the ANS controls many target organs thru dual innervation
one receptor subtype from each system tends to dominate in a tissue:
which receptor dominates in smooth muscles lining blood vessels?
a-1 –> excitatory
vasoconstriction
mydriasis (pupil dilation)
contraction and urinary retention
glycogenolysis
no release of renin
LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands
sympathetic division supplies some ___ ___ that the parasympathetic division does not:
those 3 peripheral structures are…
peripheral structures
(1) arrector pilli
(2) sweat glands
(3) smooth muscle of blood vessels
LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands
define dual innervation
one organ receives fibers from both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
SNS and PSNS have antagonistic effects
LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands
exception to rule: sweat glands
body temp regulation:
- eccrine glands release Ach to cholinergic receptors
- postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete NE
activated w/ stress:
- located sweat glands release NE to adrenergic receptors
LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands
exception to rule: blood vessels
smooth muscles lining blood vessels –> alpha 1
no parasympathetic innervation
LO12: explain how control is exerted in the absence of dual innervation in blood vessels and sweat glands
exception to rule: blood vessels
define vasomotor tone:
continual input from the sympathetic division to the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, resulting in a partial and constant tension
vasoconstriction –> high rate of firing from sympathetic nerve fiber
vasodilation –> low rate of firing from sympathetic nerve fiber
LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)
what is the baroflex receptor?
one of body’s homeostatic mechanisms that helps to maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels by changing autonomic outflow to the heart and vasculature
LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)
what are baroreceptors?
stretch receptors
located in wall of aortic arch and carotid sinus
LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroreflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)
what is the cardiovascular center in the baroreflex?
medulla oblongata
LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)
explain how arterial BP affects baroreceptors and action potentials
increased arterial BP stretches walls of aorta and carotid arteries –> causes baroreceptors to fire action potentials at a higher-than-normal rate
LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)
changes in ___ (___) outflow directed at the heart
parasympathetic (vagal)
LO13: explain how blood pressure is controlled by the “baroflex” (= baroreceptor reflex)
changes in ___ outflow, directed at the vasculature and the heart
sympathetic
