Lecture 19-Group Dynamics in sport & Exercise Flashcards
Introduction to groups
Many sport activities involve..
Even individual sports have….
Exercise is often…..
Many sport activities involve groups or teams
Even individual sports have team competitions
Exercise is often a group activity
Many sport activities involve groups or teams examples
Netball, rugby, cricket, softball, hockey etc
Even individual sports have team competitions
Swimming, track and field and tennis
Exercise is often a group activity
Aerobics, gym classes, running group
What is a group
A group is a collection of individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent to come significant degree
Why is the SPEX204 class not a group
Because not everyone talks to eachother
Key requirements of a group
a)Interaction
b)Mutual awareness
c)Interdependence
d)Continuity over time
Continuity
Not everyone plays every time but over time everyone plays at some point
Important question
How to maximise group/team performance?
How to maximise group/team performance?
Not just about picking the best players
“this team looks good on paper”
There is sometimes a group dynamic that can help dynamics or hurt dynamics
Need to consider the …. as well as …. ability in order to understand group performance
Need to consider the process as well as individual ability in order to understand group performance
what is an important factor in a group
Team cohesion (teamwork and team spirit)
Actual productivity is equal to
Potentially productivity - losses due to faulty process
Actual proModel of group performance
Not scientifically complicated -But it explains why good teams on paper dont perform on the day
Actual productivity
What the group actually does (ie. performance)
Potential productivity
Groups Best possible performance given the resources relevant to the task and the demands of that task
Process
Everything the group does while transforming its resources into a product (ie. performance)
Faulty process:
The ineffective use of available resources to meet task demands
What are two aspects of faulty process
Coordination losses: e.g poor timing, teamwork and strategy
Motivation losses: Occur when some or all members of the team/group lack effort and desire
Reducing faulty process
Coach or leaders role to develop and practice organisational strategies that reduce coordination losses and maintain optimal motivation levels
What are the sayings that go with ‘Group process and team performance’
“there is no I in Team”
“A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”sum of the whole is greater than its parts”
So are these types of sayings correct?
Ringelmann effect
Ringelmann effect
Average individual performance decreases with increases in group size
Average performance decreased with increased group size=
Harder to reach potential
Ingham et al study is a ….
replication and extension of ringelmann study
what does the Ingham et al study find
More control to decisde if “losses” were either “coordination” or “motivation” losses
In the rope pull task (tug o war) found Average individual performance ….. to….% in 3 person groups, …….% in 6 person groups.
Decreased
85%
78%
Faulty process: Overall conclusion
Although coordination links increase a group size increases; Ringelmann is not due to coordination losses
Decreases in individual average performance are due to motivational losses ->
Social loafing
Social loafing
(loafing=lazy)
- Reduced individual effort when performing as part of a group
If identidiability of idividual performance is lost in a group performance, performances decrease because of …..
Diffusion of responsibility and lack of accountability
…… can decrease social loafing then social initiatives can increase individual effort in groups
Monitoring Individual performances
Implications for teams /exercise groups
1.Individual skill performance is…..
Not the only factor for selection
Implications for teams /exercise groups
2.Need to establish
Specific group and individual goals
Implications for teams /exercise groups
- Need to give performance……
feedback and reinforcement related to team goals and individual goals
Implications for teams /exercise groups
4.Need to give individual recognition
Emphasise individuals specific role in team effort- use video replays
Definition of Cohesion
Coaches refer to cohesion as…
Coaches refer to cohesion as team-unity, team spirit and teamwork
Many sportspeople assume that cohesiveness is
directly linked to team success
Carrons model of cohesion
A dynamic process which reflects the tendency for a group to stick together while pursuing its goals and objectives
This ephasizes the dynamic of cohesion:->
It is constantly changing in response to group goals and response to both individual and group, and the resolution of those conflicts
There are at least two distinct and independent dimensions associated with team cohesion
Social and task cohesion
Social cohesion (interpersonal attraction)
Reflects the degree to which the members of a team like each other and enjoy each others company -> teamspirit
Task cohesion
Reflects the degree to which members of a team work together to achieve a specific and identifiable task -> teamwork
Traditional assumption of cohesiveness is
Directly related to team success
Traditional assumption its not as straightforward as that
Positive Relationships have been found in the studies of….
Negative Relationships were found in some studies….
Ice hockey teams
Basketball teams
Rowing team
Bowling teams (ten pin)
If we look at the task structure and demands of these teams we are provided with a possible clue as to why these results have been obtained
Task structure/ types of team
Task structure/ types of team
1) Independence
ii)Coactive dependence
iii)Reactive and proactive dependence
iv)Interactive dependence
Independence
Coordinated action required for performance success (e.g Archery)
Coactive dependence
Members perform similar tasks simultaneously for team effectiveness (e.g rowing)
Reactive and proactive dependence
One member initiates action; another completed the action (e.g softball pitcher)
Interactive Dependence
Members mutually dependent on each other for successful performance (e.g basketball, hockey)
Cohesions and….. effect one another
Cohesion and performance success
