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block 12 anna > lecture 18 hearing > Flashcards

lecture 18 hearing Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound

A

oscillation of pressure through a medium

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2
Q

what are the three parts of the ear

A

outer, middle and inner

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3
Q

three parts of the outer ear

A

pinna, external auditory meatus an dtympanum

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4
Q

main function of the outer ear

A

convert acoustic energy to kinetic energy

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5
Q

shape of the external auditory meatus

A

sigmoid S

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6
Q

what can be found in the outer part of the external auditory meatus

A

subaceous glands
hair
cerumnious

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7
Q

what do cerumnious glands secrete

A

ear wax

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8
Q

how does the sigmoid shape of the external auditory meatus help with sound

A

amplifies

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9
Q

name of the ear drum

A

tympanum

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10
Q

shape of the tympanum

A

concave

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11
Q

what is the material of the tympanum

A

collagenous

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12
Q

how does the tympanum work

A

recieves pressure waves and vibrates in response

converting acoustic to kinetic energy

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13
Q

most concave part of the tympanum

A

umbo

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14
Q

how do you fix typanum perfortions

A

small ones heal on their own

bigger ones need surgery

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15
Q

three bones of the middle ear

A

ossicles

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16
Q

ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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17
Q

what do the ossicles do

A

connect the tympanum to the inner ear

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18
Q

what is the inner ear filled with

A

fluid

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19
Q

what is the middle ear filled with

A

air

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20
Q

middle ear is narrower than the tympanum, why

A

concentrate the sound

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21
Q

what part of the ear is connected to the nasopharynx

A

middle ear

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22
Q

how is he middle ear connected to the nasopharynx

A

eaustation tube

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23
Q

what muscle attatches to the malleus bone

A

tegmen tympani

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24
Q

what muscle attatches to the stapes

A

stapedius

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25
Q

how can the muscles protect the ears

A

contract when there is high frequency sound meaning the ossicles vibrate less

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26
Q

what is it called when the muscles protect the ear

A

acoustic reflex

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27
Q

what activates the tegmen tympani

A

mandibular part of the trigeminal nerve

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28
Q

what is the stapedial nerve part of

A

facial nerve

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29
Q

what innervates the stapedius muscle

A

stapedial nerve

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30
Q

what is the chorda tympani part of

A

facial nerve

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31
Q

what does the chorda tympani supply

A

sensory to the tastebuds

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32
Q

two ways of sensing sound

A

air and bone

33
Q

what do some hearing aids utilise

A

bone conduction

34
Q

what kind of sound does the bones transmit

A

lower frequency

35
Q

inner ear labrynth

A

vestibular system and cochlear

36
Q

vestibular system is for

A

balance

37
Q

cochlear is for

A

hearing

38
Q

what is the purpose of the inner ear

A

convert the kinetic energy of the osicles into hydraulic energy

39
Q

what do the vestibular system and the cochlear system use send signals

A

fluid against hair cells

40
Q

what is in the membranous part of the inner ear

A

endolymph fluid

41
Q

what is the endolymph high in

A

potassium

42
Q

what is between the bony and membranous part

A

perilymph fluid

43
Q

what is the perilymph high in

A

sodium

44
Q

what is a cochlear

A

coil around a bony center

45
Q

what is the bony center of the cochlear

A

modiolus

46
Q

three chambers in each section of the coil

A

scala media (membranous), scala vestibuli and scala tympani

47
Q

which of the scala are filled with perilymph

A

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani

48
Q

what separates the chambers of the cochlear

A

membranes

49
Q

wht separates scala media and scala vestibuli

A

Reissner’s membrane

50
Q

what separates the scala media and scala typani

A

Basilar membrane

51
Q

what is found on the basilar membrane

A

organ of corti

52
Q

sensory epithelium for hearing

A

organ of corti

53
Q

where does the stapes sit

A

oval window

54
Q

where does the stapes set up waves

A

scala vestibuli

55
Q

how do the waves in the perilymph move in the cochlear

A

base to the tip

56
Q

what happens after the waves in the perilymph of the cochlea

A

set up vibrations in the basilar membrane

57
Q

where do the vibrations go after the basilar membrane

A

back to the base

58
Q

what is on the base of the cochlear

A

round window

59
Q

what does the round window do

A

a loose membrane absorbs the pressure waves

60
Q

structure of the basilar membrane

A

very stiff at the base and less stiff at the tip

61
Q

where do high frequency sounds cross the basilar membrane

A

they can cross at the base

62
Q

where do low frequency sounds cross the basilar membrane

A

tip

63
Q

where is the organ of corti

A

cochlea duct

64
Q

what happens when the hair cells on the organ of corti are displaced

A

non selective transduction ion channels open and lead to depolarisation

65
Q

what is found on the cochlear hair cells

A

cilia

66
Q

what are the types of cilia on the cochlea hair cells

A

kinocillia and stereocillia

67
Q

how can excessive loud noise affect hearing

A

they can affect the hair cells irreversibly

68
Q

once there has been an action potential set up in the cochlear where does the impulses go

A

vestibulooccular nerve

69
Q

where does the vestibuloocclear nerve take the information

A

to the temporal lobe

70
Q

what are the regions of the temporal lobe

A

Superior olivary complex
Lateral lemniscus
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus

71
Q

where is there partial decusation

A

at the superior olivary colliculus

72
Q

what does the medial SON detect

A

differences in the sound reaching each ear

73
Q

what does the lateral SON detect

A

differences in the intensity of the sound reaching each ear

74
Q

what are the SON for really

A

sound localisation

75
Q

two types of hearing loss

A

sensoryneural

conductive

76
Q

conductive loss is to do with

A

outer and middle ear

77
Q

sensoruneural loss is

A

inner to auditory complex

78
Q

Presbycusis

A

age related hearing loss

block 12 anna (24 decks)

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