lecture 18 hearing

Question 1

what is sound

Answer 1

oscillation of pressure through a medium

Question 2

what are the three parts of the ear

Answer 2

outer, middle and inner

Question 3

three parts of the outer ear

Answer 3

pinna, external auditory meatus an dtympanum

Question 4

main function of the outer ear

Answer 4

convert acoustic energy to kinetic energy

Question 5

shape of the external auditory meatus

Answer 5

sigmoid S

Question 6

what can be found in the outer part of the external auditory meatus

Answer 6

subaceous glands
hair
cerumnious

Question 7

what do cerumnious glands secrete

Answer 7

ear wax

Question 8

how does the sigmoid shape of the external auditory meatus help with sound

Answer 8

amplifies

Question 9

name of the ear drum

Answer 9

tympanum

Question 10

shape of the tympanum

Answer 10

concave

Question 11

what is the material of the tympanum

Answer 11

collagenous

Question 12

how does the tympanum work

Answer 12

recieves pressure waves and vibrates in response

converting acoustic to kinetic energy

Question 13

most concave part of the tympanum

Answer 13

umbo

Question 14

how do you fix typanum perfortions

Answer 14

small ones heal on their own

bigger ones need surgery

Question 15

three bones of the middle ear

Answer 15

ossicles

Question 16

ossicles

Answer 16

malleus
incus
stapes

Question 17

what do the ossicles do

Answer 17

connect the tympanum to the inner ear

Question 18

what is the inner ear filled with

Answer 18

fluid

Question 19

what is the middle ear filled with

Answer 19

air

Question 20

middle ear is narrower than the tympanum, why

Answer 20

concentrate the sound

Question 21

what part of the ear is connected to the nasopharynx

Answer 21

middle ear

Question 22

how is he middle ear connected to the nasopharynx

Answer 22

eaustation tube

Question 23

what muscle attatches to the malleus bone

Answer 23

tegmen tympani

Question 24

what muscle attatches to the stapes

Answer 24

stapedius

Question 25

how can the muscles protect the ears

Answer 25

contract when there is high frequency sound meaning the ossicles vibrate less

Question 26

what is it called when the muscles protect the ear

Answer 26

acoustic reflex

Question 27

what activates the tegmen tympani

Answer 27

mandibular part of the trigeminal nerve

Question 28

what is the stapedial nerve part of

Answer 28

facial nerve

Question 29

what innervates the stapedius muscle

Answer 29

stapedial nerve

Question 30

what is the chorda tympani part of

Answer 30

facial nerve

Question 31

what does the chorda tympani supply

Answer 31

sensory to the tastebuds

Question 32

two ways of sensing sound

Answer 32

air and bone

Question 33

what do some hearing aids utilise

Answer 33

bone conduction

Question 34

what kind of sound does the bones transmit

Answer 34

lower frequency

Question 35

inner ear labrynth

Answer 35

vestibular system and cochlear

Question 36

vestibular system is for

Answer 36

balance

Question 37

cochlear is for

Answer 37

hearing

Question 38

what is the purpose of the inner ear

Answer 38

convert the kinetic energy of the osicles into hydraulic energy

Question 39

what do the vestibular system and the cochlear system use send signals

Answer 39

fluid against hair cells

Question 40

what is in the membranous part of the inner ear

Answer 40

endolymph fluid

Question 41

what is the endolymph high in

Answer 41

potassium

Question 42

what is between the bony and membranous part

Answer 42

perilymph fluid

Question 43

what is the perilymph high in

Answer 43

sodium

Question 44

what is a cochlear

Answer 44

coil around a bony center

Question 45

what is the bony center of the cochlear

Answer 45

modiolus

Question 46

three chambers in each section of the coil

Answer 46

scala media (membranous), scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Question 47

which of the scala are filled with perilymph

Answer 47

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Question 48

what separates the chambers of the cochlear

Answer 48

membranes

Question 49

wht separates scala media and scala vestibuli

Answer 49

Reissner's membrane

Question 50

what separates the scala media and scala typani

Answer 50

Basilar membrane

Question 51

what is found on the basilar membrane

Answer 51

organ of corti

Question 52

sensory epithelium for hearing

Answer 52

organ of corti

Question 53

where does the stapes sit

Answer 53

oval window

Question 54

where does the stapes set up waves

Answer 54

scala vestibuli

Question 55

how do the waves in the perilymph move in the cochlear

Answer 55

base to the tip

Question 56

what happens after the waves in the perilymph of the cochlea

Answer 56

set up vibrations in the basilar membrane

Question 57

where do the vibrations go after the basilar membrane

Answer 57

back to the base

Question 58

what is on the base of the cochlear

Answer 58

round window

Question 59

what does the round window do

Answer 59

a loose membrane absorbs the pressure waves

Question 60

structure of the basilar membrane

Answer 60

very stiff at the base and less stiff at the tip

Question 61

where do high frequency sounds cross the basilar membrane

Answer 61

they can cross at the base

Question 62

where do low frequency sounds cross the basilar membrane

Answer 62

tip

Question 63

where is the organ of corti

Answer 63

cochlea duct

Question 64

what happens when the hair cells on the organ of corti are displaced

Answer 64

non selective transduction ion channels open and lead to depolarisation

Question 65

what is found on the cochlear hair cells

Answer 65

cilia

Question 66

what are the types of cilia on the cochlea hair cells

Answer 66

kinocillia and stereocillia

Question 67

how can excessive loud noise affect hearing

Answer 67

they can affect the hair cells irreversibly

Question 68

once there has been an action potential set up in the cochlear where does the impulses go

Answer 68

vestibulooccular nerve

Question 69

where does the vestibuloocclear nerve take the information

Answer 69

to the temporal lobe

Question 70

what are the regions of the temporal lobe

Answer 70

Superior olivary complex Lateral lemniscus Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate nucleus

Question 71

where is there partial decusation

Answer 71

at the superior olivary colliculus

Question 72

what does the medial SON detect

Answer 72

differences in the sound reaching each ear

Question 73

what does the lateral SON detect

Answer 73

differences in the intensity of the sound reaching each ear

Question 74

what are the SON for really

Answer 74

sound localisation

Question 75

two types of hearing loss

Answer 75

sensoryneural | conductive

Question 76

conductive loss is to do with

Answer 76

outer and middle ear

Question 77

sensoruneural loss is

Answer 77

inner to auditory complex

Question 78

Presbycusis

Answer 78

age related hearing loss