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block 12 anna > lecture 17 posture and balance > Flashcards

lecture 17 posture and balance Flashcards

1
Q

what system controls posture

A

autonomic

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2
Q

posture control is done by

A

extensor tone

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3
Q

main brain structures involved in posture

A

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord

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4
Q

4 main descending tracts for posture

A

vestibulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, pontine reticulospinal tract and the medullary reticulospinal tract

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5
Q

axial muscles

A

trunks

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6
Q

proximal muscles

A

limbs

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7
Q

what type of tracts are they that control posture

A

ventromedial

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8
Q

what are the lateral pathways

A

corticospinal tract and the rubrospinal tract

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9
Q

what are the lateral pathways for

A

voluntary movement

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10
Q

tracts important for the head and neck

A

vestibulospinal and tectospinal

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11
Q

vestibulospinal tracts receive information from

A

vestibular labrynth in the inner ear

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12
Q

tectospinal tract receives information from

A

retina in the eye

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13
Q

where does the vestibulo spinal tract originate

A

vestibular nuclei in the medulla

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14
Q

where does the tectospinal tract originate

A

superior colliculus

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15
Q

pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts both originate from where

A

reticular formation

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16
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

diffuse collection of nuclei in the brainstem

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17
Q

purpose of the pontine reticulospinal tract

A

antigravity muscles

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18
Q

what is Decerebrate response

A

there is an increased extensor response because there is excessive corticol damage, because there is brainstem action with no inhibition

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19
Q

what disease can you get Decerebrate response with

A

malaria

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20
Q

where is the vestibular system located

A

inner ear

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21
Q

what nerve do the semicircular canals and the vestibular system feed into

A

cranial nerve 8 which is the ocularmotor nerve

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22
Q

what is the vestibular system for

A

sense of balance

sense of motion

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23
Q

what are the organs in the vestibular system for balance

A

otilith organs

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24
Q

what are the semi circular canals sensative for

A

head rotation

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25
Q

what do the otilith organs and the semicircular canals contain to convert motion signals into neural

A

hair cells

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26
Q

what are the two otilith organs

A

utricle and the saccule

27
Q

what is the sensory epithelium of the utricle

A

macula

28
Q

what is the macula

A

Matrix of supporting cells and hair cells that are innervated by sensory nerve fibres

29
Q

what do hair cells have

A

cilia

30
Q

what do the cilia of hair cells penetrate

A

gelatinous cap

31
Q

what are the otoliths

A

calcium carbonate crystals on the gelatinous cap

32
Q

how do the otoliths work

A

they act as weights on the gelatinous cap

33
Q

what does the movement of the gelatinous cap move

A

cilia of the air cells

34
Q

what are the two types of cilia on the hair cells

A

kinocilium and stereocilium

35
Q

difference between stereocillium and kinocillium

A

there are multiple stereocilium and they are shorter

36
Q

what are the hair cells depolarised

A

when the stereocilium move towards the kinocillium

37
Q

how do hair cells become hyperpolarised

A

when the stereocillium bend away from the kinocillium

38
Q

how is the utrcicle orientated

A

horizontally

39
Q

how is the saccule orientated

A

vertically

40
Q

what is the line running down the macula called

A

striola

41
Q

in the utricle how are the kinocilla orientated

A

towards the striola

42
Q

in the saccule how are the kinocilla orientated

A

away from the striola

43
Q

how often do the vestibular nerve fibers run

A

tonicaly - constantly

44
Q

what are the three types of movement of the head

A

roll
pitch
yaw

45
Q

what are the semicircular canals filled with

A

endolymph fluid

46
Q

main sensory structure in the semi circular canals

A

ampulla

47
Q

where is the ampulla

A

in the base of the semicircular canals

48
Q

how are the hair cells in the amulla embedded

A

in a cone structure called the cupula

49
Q

where does the information go from the inner ear

A

vestibular branch of the vestibularoccular nerve

50
Q

where does the vestibular branch take the information

A

vestibular nuclei

51
Q

from the vestibular nuclei where does the information go

A

to the cerebellum

52
Q

what is the vestibulo occular reflex

A

when you move your head one way your eyes move the other way

53
Q

does the vestibuloccular reflex work when your eyes are closed

A

you bet

54
Q

what can you use the VOR to test

A

brain stem function

55
Q

what happens if you put cold water in someones ear

A

look towards the ear

56
Q

if neither eyes move when you squirt water where is the problem

A

lower brain stem lesion

57
Q

if only one eye moves for the VOR where is the problem

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus

58
Q

Meniere’s syndrome

A

sudden increase of endolymph in the inner ear

59
Q

symptoms of Meniere’s syndrome

A

vertigo, tinnitus and deafness

60
Q

how do you treat Meniere’s syndrome

A

treat the symptoms

antihistamines or prochlorperazine

61
Q

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

calcium carbonate crystals sloshing in the endolymph

62
Q

symptoms of Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

dizzy

63
Q

how do you treat Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

head movements to realign the crystals

block 12 anna (24 decks)

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