lecture 17 posture and balance

Question 1

what system controls posture

Answer 1

autonomic

Question 2

posture control is done by

Answer 2

extensor tone

Question 3

main brain structures involved in posture

Answer 3

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord

Question 4

4 main descending tracts for posture

Answer 4

vestibulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, pontine reticulospinal tract and the medullary reticulospinal tract

Question 5

axial muscles

Answer 5

trunks

Question 6

proximal muscles

Answer 6

limbs

Question 7

what type of tracts are they that control posture

Answer 7

ventromedial

Question 8

what are the lateral pathways

Answer 8

corticospinal tract and the rubrospinal tract

Question 9

what are the lateral pathways for

Answer 9

voluntary movement

Question 10

tracts important for the head and neck

Answer 10

vestibulospinal and tectospinal

Question 11

vestibulospinal tracts receive information from

Answer 11

vestibular labrynth in the inner ear

Question 12

tectospinal tract receives information from

Answer 12

retina in the eye

Question 13

where does the vestibulo spinal tract originate

Answer 13

vestibular nuclei in the medulla

Question 14

where does the tectospinal tract originate

Answer 14

superior colliculus

Question 15

pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts both originate from where

Answer 15

reticular formation

Question 16

what is the reticular formation

Answer 16

diffuse collection of nuclei in the brainstem

Question 17

purpose of the pontine reticulospinal tract

Answer 17

antigravity muscles

Question 18

what is Decerebrate response

Answer 18

there is an increased extensor response because there is excessive corticol damage, because there is brainstem action with no inhibition

Question 19

what disease can you get Decerebrate response with

Answer 19

malaria

Question 20

where is the vestibular system located

Answer 20

inner ear

Question 21

what nerve do the semicircular canals and the vestibular system feed into

Answer 21

cranial nerve 8 which is the ocularmotor nerve

Question 22

what is the vestibular system for

Answer 22

sense of balance

sense of motion

Question 23

what are the organs in the vestibular system for balance

Answer 23

otilith organs

Question 24

what are the semi circular canals sensative for

Answer 24

head rotation

Question 25

what do the otilith organs and the semicircular canals contain to convert motion signals into neural

Answer 25

hair cells

Question 26

what are the two otilith organs

Answer 26

utricle and the saccule

Question 27

what is the sensory epithelium of the utricle

Answer 27

macula

Question 28

what is the macula

Answer 28

Matrix of supporting cells and hair cells that are innervated by sensory nerve fibres

Question 29

what do hair cells have

Answer 29

cilia

Question 30

what do the cilia of hair cells penetrate

Answer 30

gelatinous cap

Question 31

what are the otoliths

Answer 31

calcium carbonate crystals on the gelatinous cap

Question 32

how do the otoliths work

Answer 32

they act as weights on the gelatinous cap

Question 33

what does the movement of the gelatinous cap move

Answer 33

cilia of the air cells

Question 34

what are the two types of cilia on the hair cells

Answer 34

kinocilium and stereocilium

Question 35

difference between stereocillium and kinocillium

Answer 35

there are multiple stereocilium and they are shorter

Question 36

what are the hair cells depolarised

Answer 36

when the stereocilium move towards the kinocillium

Question 37

how do hair cells become hyperpolarised

Answer 37

when the stereocillium bend away from the kinocillium

Question 38

how is the utrcicle orientated

Answer 38

horizontally

Question 39

how is the saccule orientated

Answer 39

vertically

Question 40

what is the line running down the macula called

Answer 40

striola

Question 41

in the utricle how are the kinocilla orientated

Answer 41

towards the striola

Question 42

in the saccule how are the kinocilla orientated

Answer 42

away from the striola

Question 43

how often do the vestibular nerve fibers run

Answer 43

tonicaly - constantly

Question 44

what are the three types of movement of the head

Answer 44

roll pitch yaw

Question 45

what are the semicircular canals filled with

Answer 45

endolymph fluid

Question 46

main sensory structure in the semi circular canals

Answer 46

ampulla

Question 47

where is the ampulla

Answer 47

in the base of the semicircular canals

Question 48

how are the hair cells in the amulla embedded

Answer 48

in a cone structure called the cupula

Question 49

where does the information go from the inner ear

Answer 49

vestibular branch of the vestibularoccular nerve

Question 50

where does the vestibular branch take the information

Answer 50

vestibular nuclei

Question 51

from the vestibular nuclei where does the information go

Answer 51

to the cerebellum

Question 52

what is the vestibulo occular reflex

Answer 52

when you move your head one way your eyes move the other way

Question 53

does the vestibuloccular reflex work when your eyes are closed

Answer 53

you bet

Question 54

what can you use the VOR to test

Answer 54

brain stem function

Question 55

what happens if you put cold water in someones ear

Answer 55

look towards the ear

Question 56

if neither eyes move when you squirt water where is the problem

Answer 56

lower brain stem lesion

Question 57

if only one eye moves for the VOR where is the problem

Answer 57

medial longitudinal fasciculus

Question 58

Meniere's syndrome

Answer 58

sudden increase of endolymph in the inner ear

Question 59

symptoms of Meniere's syndrome

Answer 59

vertigo, tinnitus and deafness

Question 60

how do you treat Meniere's syndrome

Answer 60

treat the symptoms | antihistamines or prochlorperazine

Question 61

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Answer 61

calcium carbonate crystals sloshing in the endolymph

Question 62

symptoms of Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Answer 62

dizzy

Question 63

how do you treat Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Answer 63

head movements to realign the crystals