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block 12 anna > lecture 15 vision > Flashcards

lecture 15 vision Flashcards

1
Q

vision journey

A 
eye
optic nerve
cross over at optic chiasm
lateral geniculate nucleus
primary visual cortex
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2
Q

where the light goes in the left visual field of both eyes

A

right side

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3
Q

three main layers of the eye

A

fibrous
vascular
neural

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4
Q

outer most layer of the eye

A

fibrous layer

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5
Q

what is the fibrous layer made up of

A

cornea and sclera

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6
Q

vascular layer

A

choriod
ciliary body
iris

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7
Q

choriod

A

network of blood vessels

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8
Q

ciliary body

A

musclucal layer which controls the shape of the lens

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9
Q

neural layer

A

retina

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10
Q

anterior chamber is behind

A

cornea

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11
Q

posterior chamber behind the

A

lens

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12
Q

posterior chamber filled with

A

vitreous humour

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13
Q

anterior chamber filled with

A

aqueous humour

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14
Q

two types of eye movement

A

gaze stabalisation

gaze shifting

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15
Q

which type of eye movement do we have more voluntary control over

A

gaze shifting

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16
Q

gaze stabalisation eye movements

A

vestibulo ocular and optokinetic

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17
Q

vestibular ocular eye movements used when

A

rapid head movement

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18
Q

optokinetic eye movement used when

A

slow head movement

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19
Q

gaze shifting eye movements

A

saccade, smooth pursuit and vergence

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20
Q

what is saccade

A

directing the eyes to a target

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21
Q

what is smooth pursuit

A

directing the eyes to a moving target

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22
Q

what is vergence

A

adjusting the eyes to different distances

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23
Q

conjugate eye movements

A

eyes move in the same direction

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24
Q

disconjugate

A

eyes move in opposite directions

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25
Q

e.g of conjugate eye movements

A

vestibulor ocular, optokinetic, saccade and smooth pursuit

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26
Q

e.g. of disconjugate eye movements

A

vergence

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27
Q

extra occular muscles

A

superior oblique, inferior oblique, superior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectis and inferior rectus

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28
Q

eyelid msucle

A

levator palpebrae superioris

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29
Q

adduction

A

medial rectus

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30
Q

abduction

A

lateral rectus

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31
Q

eye elevators

A

superior rectus

inferior oblique

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32
Q

eye depressors

A

inferior rectus

superior oblique

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33
Q

cyclic rotations of the eye

A

intorsion

extorsion

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34
Q

intorsion muscles

A

superior rectus

superior oblique

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35
Q

extorsion muscles

A

inferior rectus

inferiro oblique

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36
Q

what three nerves innervate the extraocular muscles

A

oculomotor, trochlear and abducens

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37
Q

occulomotor innervates the

A

medial rectus, superior rectus and inferior oblique

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38
Q

what cranial nerve is the occularmotor

A

3

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39
Q

trochlear innervates

A

superior oblique

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40
Q

what CN is trochlear

A

4

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41
Q

what innervates lateral rectus

A

abducens

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42
Q

what cranial nerve is abducens

A

6

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43
Q

where are the nuclei of 3, 4 and 6 CN

A

brainstem

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44
Q

what part of the brain controls eye movements

A

frontal eyefield of the motor cortex

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45
Q

planning eye movements in the brain

A

supplementary eye field

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46
Q

what does the superior coliculus do

A

orientating an object in your visual field

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47
Q

area with the highest number of nerve endings, why?

A

cornea

protection

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48
Q

most metabolicaly active part of the body, why?

A

cornea

repair itself

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49
Q

what attatches the ciliary body to the lens

A

zonules

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50
Q

what are zonules

A

connecting fibres

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51
Q

what does the ciliary body do

A

contains muscles which can change the shape of the lens

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52
Q

what changes the pupil size

A

muscles of the iris

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53
Q

aniscoria

A

pupils have different sizes

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54
Q

miosis

A

pupil constriction

55
Q

what is active in miosis

A

iris sphincter

56
Q

miosis in response to

A

light increase

57
Q

miosis control

A

parasympathetic

58
Q

mydriasis

A

pupil dilation

59
Q

mydriasis active

A

iris dilator

60
Q

mydriasisin reponse to

A

less light

61
Q

mydriasis control

A

sympathetic

62
Q

accomodation

A

focusing an image with the lens

63
Q

lens looking in the distance

A

flat

64
Q

lens looking at something near

A

curved

65
Q

direction of eyes looking in the distance

A

diverge

66
Q

direction of eyes looking near

A

converege

67
Q

looking at near objects control

A

parasympathetic

68
Q

nucleus involved in accomodation

A

edinger westphal nucleus

69
Q

where would you find edinger westphal nucleus

A

brain stem

70
Q

most common cause of blindness globally

A

cateracts

71
Q

what are cateracts not a problem

A

easily treated

72
Q

what are cateracts

A

opacification of the lens

73
Q

what are cateracts caused by

A

compacting and protein deposition

74
Q

cateracts risk factors:

A

trauma, aging, diabetes, smoking, radiation, genetics

75
Q

alot of time spent where will accelerate the cateract process

A

in the sun

76
Q

how are cateracts treated

A

surgicaly artifiscial lens

77
Q

anterior chamber is filled with

A

aqueous humour

78
Q

what produces aqueous humour

A

ciliary processes

79
Q

how is the aqueous humour drained from the anterior chamber

A

trabecular meshwork

80
Q

what drains the aqueous humour out of the eye

A

schlemms canal

81
Q

glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure

82
Q

glaucome risk factors

A

high blood pressure
long term corticosteroid use
severe myopia
eye injury

83
Q

most common type of glaucoma

A

primary open angle glaucoma

84
Q

onset of POAG

A

slow

85
Q

POAG caused by

A

trabecular meshwork being clogged

86
Q

acute angle closure glaucoma

A

rapid onset
emergency
nausea
vomitting

87
Q

how can you detect glaucoma

A

look into the eye for optic nerve damage

88
Q

how to measure intraocular pressure

A

tonometer

89
Q

glaucoma treatment: beta blocker

A

blocks aqueous humour inflow

90
Q

glaucoma treatment: alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists

A

blocks aqueous humour inflow

91
Q

glaucoma treatment: muscarinic agonists

A

increase trabecular outflow

92
Q

glaucoma treatment: prostoglandin agonist

A

increase aqueous humour outflow

93
Q

outer retina blood supply

A

choriod

choriocapillaris

94
Q

inner retina blood supply

A

retina vasculature

95
Q

part of the eye with no vasculature

A

fovea

96
Q

how does the retinal vasculature get to the eye

A

optic nerve

97
Q

where are the light sensative cells

A

outside layer at the back

98
Q

outermost layer of cell in the eye

A

retinal pigment layer

99
Q

what are the two types of light sensitive cells

A

rod and cone

100
Q

middle layer of cells

A

bipolar
horizontal
amacrine

101
Q

purpose of bipolar cells

A

pass information from the light sensitive cells to the ganglion cells

102
Q

purpose of amacrine and horizontal cells

A

horizontal communication

103
Q

inner most layer of cells

A

glanglion

104
Q

very center of the retina light sensitive cells

A

only cones

105
Q

spreading our from the center of the retina what is the distribution of light sensitive cells

A

rods incresa, cones decrease

they both get fatter

106
Q

what type of vision are rods sensative to

A

scotopic - night

107
Q

what type of vision are cones sensitive to

A

phototopic

108
Q

how many types of cone are there and what are they for

A

3 for colour

109
Q

red green colour blind inheritance

A

recessive X chromosome

110
Q

what are dichromats

A

only have two types of cone

111
Q

protanopes

A

lack red L cones

112
Q

deutranopes

A

lack green M cones

113
Q

tritanopes

A

lack blue S cones

114
Q

Anomalous trichromats

A

one cone type is less sensitive

115
Q

how many layers does the lateral geniculate nucleus have

A

6

116
Q

bottom two layers of the LGN

A

magnocellular

117
Q

magnocellular size

A

large

118
Q

magnocellular recieve input from

A

A ganglion

119
Q

type of input magnocellular recieve

A

light and dark

120
Q

top 4 layers of the LGN

A

parvocellular

121
Q

parvocellular cell size

A

small

122
Q

parvocellular recieve input from

A

B ganglion cells

123
Q

where does info go after LGN

A

PVC

124
Q

how does infro go from LGN to PVC

A

optic radiations

125
Q

center of the visual field is processed

A

at the back of the brain

126
Q

V4

A

colour

127
Q

V5

A

motion

128
Q

Parahippocampal place area

A

scenes

129
Q

Fusiform face area

A

faces

130
Q

lesion to Fusiform face area

A

prosopagnosia

131
Q

prosopagnosia

A

cant recognise faces

132
Q

Lateral occipital cortex

A

objects

133
Q

Optic ataxia

A

cat orientate hands to do something

134
Q

Visual form agnosia

A

cant recognise objects

block 12 anna (24 decks)

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