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SP1 Parasitology > Lecture 15/16 4/11/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 15/16 4/11/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

-DH is felids only
-IH/PH is mammals (including cats, humans, marine mammals) and birds
-reservoir/transport includes filter feeders, earthworms, fish
-zoonotic

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Neospora caninum?

A

-DH is canids only
-IH includes cattle, cat, dog, sheep, goat, deer, marine mammals
-not zoonotic

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3
Q

What are the life stages of Toxoplasma/Neospora?

A

-oocysts
-tachyzoites
-bradyzoites

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4
Q

Which life cycle stage of Toxoplasma/Neospora is disease-causing?

A

tachyzoites

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of bradyzoites?

A

-dormant
-stay in the animal
-not treatable

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6
Q

What is the optimal life cycle for Toxoplasma?

A

want the cat DH to prey on an animal with bradyzoites in the tissue

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7
Q

Which Toxoplasma life stages have the potential to be infectious to the cat?

A

-oocyst
-tachyzoite
-bradyzoite

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8
Q

Why does Toxoplasma want to be ingested by the cat in the bradyzoite stage?

A

-quicker turnover to tachyzoite production
-more likely to shed a higher number of oocysts

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9
Q

When is it possible for transplacental or lactogenic transmission of Toxoplasma to occur?

A

-mother cat is experiencing first infection
-tachyzoite acute phase must occur during pregnancy or lactation

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10
Q

Which factors affect the pathology of Toxoplasma?

A

-location of tachyzoites/which cells rupture
-genotype virulence
-host age and genetics
-co-infections
-immunosuppression/recrudescence

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11
Q

What clinical signs are seen in normal cats with Toxoplasma?

A

-often no signs
-may have diarrhea if shedding

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12
Q

What clinical signs are seen in congenitally infected kittens and immunocompromised cats with Toxoplasma?

A

-fever
-resp. distress
-jaundice
-ocular disease
-seizures

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13
Q

What clinical signs are seen in dogs when they serve as an IH/PH for Toxoplasma?

A

-neurologic signs
-myositis
-GI signs
-ocular disease
-cardiac signs
-lymphadenopathy

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14
Q

What clinical signs are seen in ruminants/swine when they serve as an IH/PH for Toxoplasma?

A

goats: abortions; incomplete immunity with possible recurring abortion
sheep: abortions; complete immunity with no recurring abortions
cattle: likely immune, abortions are uncommon
-swine: possible abortion, neonatal piglet disease, stillbirth

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15
Q

How does Toxoplasma infection differ between old and new world monkeys?

A

Old: natural infections are rare
New: acute toxoplasmosis typically fatal

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Toxoplasma in Australian marsupials?

A

-sudden death
-neurologic symptoms
-resp. distress
-enteric disease

17
Q

What are the general characteristics of human toxoplasmosis?

A

-leading cause of death attributed to food-borne illnesses
-most severe in immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women

18
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with toxoplasmosis?

A

-may be asymptomatic
-flu-like
-swollen lymph nodes
-aches
-retinochoroiditis
-encephalitis

19
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with toxoplasmosis in pregnant women?

A

-stillbirth
-congenital defects
-hydrocephaly
-abortion
-blindness
-epilepsy

20
Q

When are pregnant women most at risk for transmitting Toxoplasma to their fetus?

A

between 10 and 26 weeks gestation

21
Q

How is Toxoplasma diagnosed antemortem?

A

-fecal centrifugal flotation (cats only)
-biopsy/microscopic examination of tissues with IHC staining
-ELISA
-agglutination assay
-IFA
-MAT

22
Q

How is toxoplasma diagnosed postmortem?

A

-microscopic examination of tissues (IHC)
-bioassay
-genotyping

23
Q

What are the prevention/control measures for Toxoplasma?

A

-keep cats indoors
-prevent predation
-avoid untreated water
-discourage feral cat colonies
-no raw meat diets
-clean litter box daily
-cover outdoor sandboxes
-wash vegetables well
-cook meat well
-wash all kitchen surfaces/tools
-freeze meat
-pasteurize dairy products
-avoid raw oysters

24
Q

What prevention measures should pregnant women take with Toxoplasma?

A

-have a titer done prior to pregnancy
-avoid cleaning litter box
-proper PPE for working with cats/litter box
-wash hands and kitchen items thoroughly
-wear PPE when working in garden
-avoid untreated water

25
Q

What is important about Toxoplasmosis treatment?

A

there is no approved treatment for Toxo

26
Q

What clinical signs are seen in adult dogs with Neospora?

A

-pneumonia
-hepatitis
-myocarditis
-skin lesions

27
Q

What clinical signs are seen in congenitally infected puppies with Neospora?

A

-neuromuscular signs/hind limb paresis
-death

28
Q

What clinical signs are seen in cattle with Neospora?

A

-abortion, esp. first pregnancy, around 4-6 mo. gestation
-congenital infections

29
Q

How is Neospora diagnosed in dogs?

A

-fecal centrifugal flotation
-IFA/ELISA
-PCR

30
Q

How is Neospora diagnosed in cattle?

A

-PCR on aborted fetus/placenta
-IFA
-histopathology
-histochemistry

31
Q

What are the keys to Neospora control in cattle?

A

-culling positive animals
-preventing entry of infected replacements
-preventing oocyst contamination

32
Q

What are the characteristics of Sarcocystis?

A

-predator/prey life cycle
-seen in all species; various DH and IH
-typically non-pathogenic in DH
-S. cruzi is most pathogenic to IH; causes abortion and neonatal disease (cattle, sheep, goats)

33
Q

What are the life stages for Sarcocystis spp.?

A

-sporocysts (environment)
-merozoite
-sarcocyst

34
Q

What are the characteristics of Sarcocystis neurona?

A

-DH is opossum
-IH includes armadillo, felids, skunk, raccoon, sea otters
-causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
-not zoonotic

35
Q

What type of host is the horse for Sarcocystis neurona?

A

aberrant host

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of Sarcocystis neurona in horses?

A

-lameness
-weakness
-muscle atrophy
-ataxia/incoordination/spasticity
-cranial nerve signs

37
Q

How is Sarcocystis neurona diagnosed?

A

-fecal float (will be specific to DH species)
-clinical neurologic signs
-immunodiagnostics
-PCR
-response to treatment

38
Q

What are the treatment goals for Sarcocystis neurona?

A

-reduce inflammation
-reduce brain/spinal cord edema
-eliminate causative organisms

39
Q

How can Sarcocystis neurona be prevented/managed?

A

-store feed in tightly sealed containers
-keep wildlife out of feed areas
-do not feed/keep wildlife as pets
-keep compost pile away from pastures

SP1 Parasitology (23 decks)

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