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SP1 Parasitology > Lecture 14 4/8/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 4/8/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of the subphylum Apicomplexa?

A

-obligate intracellular
-no locomotor organelles
-apical complex used to invade host cells
-produce sporozoites

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2
Q

What are the two groups of Apicomplexa of veterinary interest?

A

-Coccidia: intestinal sporozoa
-Hemosporidia: blood sporozoa

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3
Q

What are the general characteristics of Coccidia?

A

-live intracellularly in the GI tract
-highly species specific
-direct or indirect life cycles
-limited number of asexual generations: leads to self-limiting and ability to produce vx

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4
Q

What is schizogony?

A

life cycle stage in which asexual repro. occurs

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5
Q

What is gametogony?

A

life cycle stage in which transformation into male or female occurs

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6
Q

What is sporogony?

A

process of going through sporulation

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7
Q

What is a schizont/meront?

A

collection of dividing merozoites

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8
Q

Which stage of the life cycle leads to the most disease?

A

asexual/schizogony

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9
Q

What are the steps of the Eimeria/Isospora life cycle?

A

-unsporulated oocyst in environment sporulates after 48-72 hrs to become infectious
-sporulated oocyst is ingested and goes to small intestine
-bile salts break down oocyst and sporocyst to release sporozoites
-sporozoites invade small intestine epithelial cells
-sporozoite becomes merozoite and begins asexual repro.
-host epithelial cell bursts, spreading merozoites to new cells to form secondary schizonts
-after 5-15 asexual repro rounds, merozoite transforms in male or female gametocyte
-male and female enter epithelial cell, where male fertilizes female
-zygote forms with oocyst wall around it
-cell ruptures, releasing unsporulated oocysts to be shed in feces

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10
Q

How does Eimeria differ from Isospora?

A

-Eimeria sporocyst has 4 sporocysts with 2 sporozoites each
-Isospora sporocyst has 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each

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11
Q

What are the general characteristics of Eimeria?

A

-DH includes herbivores, swine, birds, rodents, rabbits, fish
-oocyst is 10-50 x 10-35 um
-PPP of 1-3 weeks
-patent period of 1-4 weeks
-clinical disease often young animals in captivity

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12
Q

Which genus is a micropyle indicative of, if present?

A

Eimeria

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13
Q

Which Eimeria species are most pathogenic in cattle?

A

-Eimeria bovis
-Eimeria zuernii

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14
Q

Why are livestock and commercial poultry kept on Coccidia preventatives?

A

-once outbreak occurs it is too late to treat
-outbreaks can only be “treated” with supportive care and antibiotics to reduce secondary infections

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15
Q

What are the unusual forms of coccidiosis seen in cattle?

A

-winter coccidiosis
-nervous coccidiosis causing CNS signs

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Eimeria macusaniensis?

A

-infects new world camelids
-PPP of 32-43 days; lots of asexual repro.
-around 100 um in length
-very pathogenic, esp. in young animals
-watermelon seed appearance of eggs

17
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with E. macusaniensis?

A

-diarrhea
-wasting
-weakness

18
Q

What are the characteristics of Eimeria leuckarti?

A

-only Eimeria spp. in horses in North America
seen infrequently in foals
-rarely associated with disease

19
Q

Which anticoccidials are used in livestock and poultry?

A

-ionophores
-catalytic drugs

20
Q

Why are ionophores not used in horses?

A

fatal even in small amounts

21
Q

What is important about using Amprolium in ruminants to prevent Coccidia?

A

can lead to thiamin deficiency, so must supplement thiamin when using the drug

22
Q

What is caused by Eimeria stiedae?

A

rabbit hepatic coccidia

23
Q

Which lesions are seen in birds with Coccidia?

A

-cecal cores
-hemorrhage
-inflammation
-various Coccidia life stages in cells

24
Q

What are the characteristics of Isospora spp.?

A

-DH includes carnivores, omnivores, birds
-PH is mice
-PPP of 1-2 weeks

25
Q

What are the characteristics of Isospora felis?

A

-DH is cats
-oocyst is 40-50 x 30 um

26
Q

What are the characteristics of Isospora rivolta?

A

-DH is cats
-oocyst is 25 x 20 um

27
Q

What are the characteristics of Isospora canis?

A

-DH is dogs
-oocyst is 40-50 x 30 um

28
Q

What are the characteristics of Isospora ohioensis?

A

-DH is dogs
-oocyst is 25 x 20 um

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of Isospora?

A

-copious watery diarrhea
-weight loss
-dehydration
-anorexia
-abdominal pain
-anemia
-death

30
Q

What are the characteristics of Isospora suis?

A

-DH is swine
-oocyst is 20 x 20 um
-severe disease in piglets

31
Q

What is the most effective way to prevent Isospora in piglets?

A

sanitation of the farrowing area

32
Q

What are the characteristics of Cryptosporidium?

A

-DH is humans, most domestic/wild animals, birds
-oocyst around 4 um
-PPP of 3-4 days
-found in small intestine under microvillous border
-infectious upon defecation
-can cause autoinfection

33
Q

Which species of Cryptosporidium are most important?

A

-C. parvum: cattle, humans, mammals (zoonotic)
-C. hominis: humans
-C. felis: felids
-C. canis: canids

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cryptosporidium?

A

-profuse diarrhea
-weight loss
-dehydration
-anorexia
-abdominal pain
-death
-NO HEMORRHAGE

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium?

A

-develops in and displaces microvillous border
-cell division accelerates to compensate for loss, causing the shortening/fusion of villi and lengthening of crypts
-causes reduced uptake of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrients

36
Q

What causes diarrhea in Cryptosporidium?

A

-malabsorption due to villus atrophy and immature enterocytes
-mucosal secretion stimulated by release of inflammatory mediators

37
Q

How is Cryptosporidium diagnosed?

A

-sugar float
-acid-fast stain
-IFA/ELISA
-PCR

38
Q

How is Cryptosporidium controlled?

A

-sanitation
-thorough handwashing
-PPE
-do not kiss calves
-limit eating in vet truck

SP1 Parasitology (23 decks)

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