Lecture 12 - Vitamins, Minerals, Digestion, Systems

Question 1

What are the 2 classifications of vitamins?

Answer 1

• fat soluble (adek)

- water soluble (c,b)

Question 2

What are the macrominerals? How much of them are required?

Answer 2

Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl and S

• required in greater amounts

Question 3

What are the microminerals? How much of them are required?

Answer 3

Cr, Co, Cu, Fl, Fe, I, Mo, Se, Zn

• required in lesser amounts

Question 4

What does digestion start with?

Answer 4

Pretension and mastication

Question 5

What is the importance of saliva in digestion?

Answer 5

Saliva = water+mucus+enzymes

• assist in digestion
• lubricated food to aid in swallowing

Ruminants - maintain fluid consistency and rumen pH, rich in bicarbonate

Pigs - Salivary amylase (starch digestion)

Question 6

Esophagus function

Answer 6

Transport of food to stomach through peristalsis

Question 7

What is peristalsis?

Answer 7

Involuntary and rhythmic response

Question 8

How is the stomach divided?

Answer 8

Anatomically by type of glands and secretions

Cardiac and pyloric regions - secrete primarily mucus
(Fundic region- secreted water, mucus, HCl and pepsinogen)

Question 9

What are the characteristics of the stomach and its pH?

Answer 9

• pH between 2 and 4 (decreases survival of micoorganisms in feeds)
• pH begins protein desaturation
• Activation of pepsinogen

Question 10

To what affect are proteins denatured in the stomach without enzymes?

Answer 10

Disruption of quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structures

• loss of function
• does not disrupt primary structure

Question 11

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

Answer 11

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 12

What is the function of the Duodenum?

Answer 12

• receives bile from gallbladder (produced by liver)

- receives digestive secretions from pancreas

Question 13

What is the importance of bile?

Answer 13

• no digestive enzymes
• created in the liver
• stored in the gallbladder

Question 14

What are the enzymes of the duodenum?

Answer 14

• pancreatic lipase (digestion of lipids)
• chymotrypsin and trypsin (hydrolysis proteins to shorter chain peptides)
• peptidases (hydrolysis peptides into amino acids)
• pancreatic amylase (breaks down starch)
• sucrose,lactase, maltase (disaccharides)

Question 15

What are the digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 15

Amylase 
Lactase
Maltase 
Sucrose 
Lipase 
Pepsin 
Trypsin 
Chymotrypsin 
Carboxypeptidase 
Aminopeptidase

Question 16

What takes place in the duodenum?

Answer 16

• major site of digestion

Has secretions of the liver and pancreas

Question 17

Where are villi and the function of them?

Answer 17

• finger like projections
• line the small intestine
• increase efficiency of absorption in jejunum and upper ileum
• increase surface area which increases rate of absorption

Question 18

What is passive transport?

Answer 18

Diffusion across surface of epithelial cells (at no energetic cost)
- fatty acid absorption

Question 19

What is active transport?

Answer 19

Nutrient transporters (requires energy)

• amino acids and glucose

Question 20

How are different types of nutrients absorbed?

Answer 20

Water soluble - passed to the bloodstream

Water insoluble - pass to lymphatic system

Question 21

What are the parts of the large intestine?

Answer 21

Cecum, colon, rectum

Question 22

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Answer 22

Substantial water absorption

Cecum and colon microbial populations