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Lecture 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Individual first recognized albinism is an inhertable trait

A

Archibald Garrod

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1
Q

Oculocuaneous albinism type 2 is due to

A

a defect in the OCA gene on chromosome 15…. different types of albinism, happens on certain chromosome.

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2
Q

a complete set of genetic instructions for any organism
RNA or DNA
coding system for genomic information very smiliar among organisms.

A

genome

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3
Q

Genome is made up of

A

RNA or DNA…. coding system for genomic information very similar among organisms..

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4
Q

Transmission Genetics

A

Encompasses basic principles of heredity and how traits are passed from one generation to the next

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5
Q

Molecular genetics

A

concerns the chemical nature of the gene itself and how genetic information is encoded, replicated and expressed

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6
Q

population genetics

A

explores the genetic composition of groups of individual members of the same species and how that composition changes geographically and with the passage of time. It is fundamentally the study of evolution

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7
Q

Early theories related to inheritance

A

Pangensis, inhertance of acquired characteristcs, preformationism, blending inheritance….. Why are each of them flawed??

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8
Q

developed by Gree philosophers…. specific particles (gemmules) carry inforamtion from vaious parts of the body to repoductive organs, from which they are passed to the embryo….

A

Pangenisis

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9
Q

Primarily made famous by Lamarch… Traits acquired in a person’s lifetime become incorporated into that person’s hereditary information and are passed on to offspring

A

inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

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10
Q

Preformationism

A

Individuals were already pre formed, in egg or sperm, ovist vs spermist…. homonculus.

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11
Q

Blending Inheritance

A

Offspring are a blend of parental traits
genetic material itself blends
once blended, genetics differences cannot be sperarted out in future generations….. male or female, clearly not blended

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12
Q

germ plasm theory

A

correct, all cells contian a complete set of genetic information

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13
Q

cell theory

A

correct, all life is composed of cells, and cells arise only from cells

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14
Q

mendelian inheritance

A

correct, traits are inherited in accord with defined principles

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15
Q

model organisms,
be familiar w each of these organism as we progress
properties,
why do they studies help us understand

A 
Drosphila melanogaster
Escherichia coli
Caenorhabditis elegans
Arabidopsis thaliana
Mus musculus
Saccharoyces cerevisiae
neurospora crassa
zea rerio 
xenopus laevia
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16
Q

Why are these animals desireable

?

A

Easy to contain, reproduce quickly, easy to manipulated,

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17
Q

model gnetic organism

A

… oranisms with hcaracteristics that make them useful for genetic analysis,

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18
Q

Common characteristics of model organisms

A
  1. short generation time
  2. production of numerous progeny
  3. controlled genetic crosses
  4. reared in a lab
  5. numerous
  6. lg body of knowledge about genetic system
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19
Q

What are some of the implications of all organisms having similar genetic systems?

A

. That all life forms are genetically related
. That reserach findings on one organisms gene efunciton can often be applied to other organism
. that genes from one organism can often exist and thrive in another organism…
ALL the above….
Look at questions at end of chapter.

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20
Q

2 types of cells

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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21
Q

what is a fundamental unit of heredity

A

gene

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22
Q

what come from multiple forms called alleles?

A

gene

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23
Q

genes confer

A

phenotype

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24
Q

genetic information is carrried by

A

RNA and DNA

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25
Q

genes are located

A

on chromosomes

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26
Q

chromosomes are seperateee through

A

the process of mitosis and meiosis

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27
Q

Permanent changes in genetic information that can be passed from one cell to another or from parent to offspring

A

mutations

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28
Q

some traits are affected by

A

multiple factors

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29
Q

evolution is

A

a genetic change

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30
Q

gene

A

inherited determinant of the phenotype
elements that control triats
located at a specific position on a chromosome referred to as a locus
the smallest genetic unit that exhibits the cis-trans position effect(=gene)

31
Q

allele

A

alternate form of a gene

32
Q

phenotype

A

the observable attributes of an organism;

some things can not be obsereved with the eyes… it may need a chemical analysis

33
Q

genotype

A

the genes that an organism posses

34
Q

chromosomes

A

the form of genetic material in viruses and cells;
circle of DNA in prokaryotes
DNA or RNA molecule in viruses
A linear nucleoprotien complex in eukaryotes

35
Q

flow of genetic information

A

classical… DNA –>RNA–> Protein…. not always like this.

36
Q

Evolution

A

The change over time… changes in genetic composition… phenotype change

37
Q

Chromatin

A

condensed chromosomes…. colored substance.

38
Q

Histones

A

H1 raps and forms beaded chain. limit accessibility of enzymes and other proteins to copy and read DNA. enable DNA to fit within the nucleus . must be seperated for genetic informaiton to be accessed

39
Q

Origins of replicaiton

A

Where DNA is being replicated, the two strands split and base pairing starts…

40
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Eubacteria, and Archaea…Cells that doe not have a membrane bound nucleus

41
Q

Eukaryotes

A

membrane bound nucleus.. .mitochondria… other stuff…

42
Q

Nucleus in prokaryote

A

is absent

43
Q

prokaryote size

A

1 to 10 um in diameter

44
Q

prokaryote DNA

A

circular…

45
Q

unicellular, no membrane bound organelle

A

prokaryotes

46
Q

DNA is closely associated with

A

histones, to form tightly packed chromosomes

47
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes are typically found

A

in pairs… The two members of a pair share the same loci and are referred to as homologous chromosed

48
Q

A set of chromosomes cosists of

A

one member of each pair of chromosomes…

49
Q

Diploid cells have

A

two complete sets of chromoses

50
Q

Haploid (monoploid) cells have

A

a single complete set of chromosomes

51
Q

Tetraploid cells have

A

four complete sets of chromosmes

52
Q

triploid cells have

A

three complete sets of chromosomes

53
Q

centromere

A

eukaryote. serves as the attachment point for spindel microtubules…
used for chromosome classification…
metacentri- central
submetacentricic- kinda off center
acrocentric- way off center
telocentric. short arm and long arm. at very end… short arm P longQ

54
Q

A diploid organism has

A

two sets of chromosomes organized as homologous pairs

55
Q

Genetic information is transfered from

A

DNA to RNA to protien

56
Q

chromatin

A

DNA + Histones

57
Q

heterochromotin

A

tightly folded. can not be transcribed or replicated.

58
Q

euchromatin

A

stretched out DNA being used

59
Q

telomeres

A

the stable ends of chromosomes, provide stability, limit cell division, play a role in aging and cancer…

60
Q

centromere

A

a constricted region of chromosome where the kinetochores form and the spindle microtubules attach

61
Q

telmerase

A

…

62
Q

major functions of mitosis

A

during embryonic development, mitosis produces a stockpile of cells for embryogenesis
organismal growth occurs through mitotic activity (hyperplasia)

63
Q

mitosis provieds a mechanism for

A

the relacement of damaged or worn-out cells

64
Q

Cell Cycle

A

…

65
Q

G1

A

the cell growth

66
Q

Go

A

non dividing

67
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis, further prep for mitotic division… B cyclins bind to cdc2 kinase. activated MPF leads to activites necessary for mitotis, 2 hrs.

68
Q

G2

A

gap phase, 2 hours

69
Q

M phase

A

actual mitotic phase… less than an hour

70
Q

interphase

A

everything but M phase… Prior to S only 1 chromatic. After 2 chromatid

71
Q

physical division of nuclear material

A

karyokinesis

72
Q

physical division of cytoplasmic material

A

cytokinesis

73
Q

karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinessi results in a increase in ploidy,

A

endomitosis

74
Q

plodiy

A

increase in complete sets of chromosomes

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