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Undeleted > Biology Day 9 > Flashcards

Biology Day 9 Flashcards

0
Q

external genitalia

A

penis and scrotum(sac holding testes-helps regulate temp)

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1
Q

gonads

A

testes; produce sperm and secrete testosterone

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2
Q

internal genitalia

A

accessory glands and ducts

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3
Q

productions/ejaculation of sperm

A

storage and maturation-epidymis, vasedeferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

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4
Q

nutrients enzymes prostaglandins

A

seminal vesicles

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5
Q

buffers, nutirents, enzymes

A

prostrate gland

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6
Q

mucus and buffers

A

bulbourethral glands

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7
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries, produce ova and secrete estrogen and progestrone

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8
Q

femal exteranl genitalia

A

vulva(labia majora and miora, clitoris)

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9
Q

internal genetalia female

A

vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes,

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10
Q

birth canal

A

vagina

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11
Q

the womb

A

uterus

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12
Q

layer of gladualr epithelium shed during menstruation

A

endometrium

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13
Q

thick layer of smooth muscle

A

myometrium

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14
Q

opening of the uterus

A

cervix

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15
Q

dialted slightly during ferile days and greatly during childbirth

A

cervix

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16
Q

carry ova from the ovary to the uterus (via peristalisis)

A

falloiaian tubues

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17
Q

Male gametes

A

spermatozoa

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18
Q

male germ cells

A

spermatogonia

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19
Q

results of male germ cells

A

4 haploid sperm… start during puberty

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20
Q

female gametes

A

ova

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21
Q

famale germ cells

A

oogonia

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22
Q

female results

A

1 ovum, 2 polar bodies… 500,000 primary oocytes produced during fetal develpment, ovulation from puberty to menopasue

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23
Q

Spermatozoa produced in

A

seminiferous tubules of the testes

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24
Q

what regulate sperm developmetn

A

sustentacular cells

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25
Q

secrete testoterone

A

leydig cells (interstial cells)

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26
Q

spematogonium

A

diploid 1 makes 4

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27
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

diploid

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28
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

meisis 1 diploid

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29
Q

spermatids

A

meiosis ii hapoid…

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30
Q

spermatozoa

A

Epidymis…. haploid

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31
Q

GnRH(male)

A

stimulates release of LH and FSH from hypothalmus

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32
Q

LH and FSH inhibit(male)

A

GnRH

from anterior pitutiary

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33
Q

(m) LH stimulates

A

Leydig cells to produce testoterone

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34
Q

what helps maintina spermatognesis

A

testosterone

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35
Q

Testosterone inhibits

A

GnFH and LH

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36
Q

Testis release

A

inhibin

37
Q

Testis inhibits

A

release FSH

38
Q

Oogonia develp

A

inot prmary oocytes before birth… arrest in propahse 1

39
Q

primary ooctyes splits into

A

secondary oocyte and first polar body in Meiosis 1… arrest in Metaphae II, ovulated

40
Q

Meiosis II is only completed

A

if fertilized

41
Q

oogonium

A

diploid

42
Q

primary oocyte

A

diploid

43
Q

seondary oocytes

A

haploid and first polar body

44
Q

zygote to

A

cleavage…. 2,4,8 celled…

45
Q

cleavage to

A

morula

46
Q

morula to

A

blastocyt

47
Q

blastocyt

A

implants

48
Q

primary oocyte is enclosed

A

in a follicle

49
Q

ooctye is surrounded by a layer

A

of granulosa cells and an outer layer called theca

50
Q

Folliular phase (day 1-13)

A

fsh stimulated follicle maturation

51
Q

FSH and LH stimulate production

A

of estrogen by the maturing follicle

52
Q

The follicular remains become

A

corpus luteum

53
Q

Luteal Phase(Day 15-28)

A

th corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone…. corpus luteum degenerates thorughout the phase bc of low LH…. estrogen and progestrone levles drop at the end of this phase signaling menstuation all over again

54
Q

Pregnancy occurs… what horomone is produced?

A

hCG

55
Q

hCG keeps

A

the corpus luteum from degeneragting in place of lH

56
Q

Corpus luteum during pregnancy maintins

A

high levles of estrogen and progestrone (first 2-3 months)

57
Q

the placenta

A

takes over production of estrogen and progestrone for the remainder of the pregnancy

58
Q

the endometrium isnt shed…

A

ovulation does not occur, LH remains low

59
Q

GnRH in women

A

stimualtes release of LH and FSH

60
Q

LH in women

A

stimulates the follicle to produce estrogen

61
Q

FSH in women

A

stimuatles the follicle to mature…

62
Q

Estrogen inhiibts

A

release of GnRH, LH, and FSH

63
Q

Follicles release

A

ihibin of FSH

64
Q

Meses(1-7)

A

endometrium is lsoughed off; signalled by low levels of estrogen and progestrogene

65
Q

Proliferative Phase(7-14) mentstral cycle

A

increasing levesll of estrogen lead to endometrial growth

66
Q

secretory phase(15-28) mentstral cycle

A

preperation for implantation. endometirla cell deposit lipids and glycogen in their cytoplasm

67
Q

Fertilization takes place

A

in fallopian tubes

68
Q

acrosomess contains

A

enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida

69
Q

how many sperm fertalize ovum

A

single sperm

70
Q

what prevents more sperm from fertalizing

A

depolarization and an influx in Ca prevent subsequent sperm from penetrating

71
Q

sperm injects only into

A

nucleus

72
Q

cytoplasm and organelles comes from

A

mother

73
Q

after fertalization… the ovum completels meiosis ii

A

and the two nuclei fuse together to become a zygote..

74
Q

fertalization ususlaly occurs

A

in the distal end of the fallopian tubes

75
Q

the jorney in the uterus usually takes

A

4-5 days

76
Q

cleavage

A

cell division with little cell growth

77
Q

blastocyt hollow ball of 100 cells

A

outer layer.. trophoblast, trphoblast becomes corion/placenta and secretes hCG, inner cell mass adheres to one side, inner cell mass will be the growing embryo, blastocyt embeds in the endometrium, chorionic villi pierce the vascular endometrium

78
Q

gastrulation

A

blastocyt folds in on intself forming three germ layers

79
Q

ectoderm

A

epidermis, nervous system, eyes and ears

80
Q

mesoderm

A

dermis, muscle and bone, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, urnary system, reproductive system,

81
Q

endoderm

A

repiratory epithelium, digestive epithelium, digestive system, bladder,

82
Q

folding of the ectoderm to form the central nervous system

A

neurulation

83
Q

Birth occurs

A

btw 38 and 40 wks

84
Q

Lactation

A

prolactin stimulates milk production, estrogen and progestrone stiumlate develpment of breasts/mammory glands but inhibit prolactin, estrogen and progestrone leevels fall after delivery, prolactin levels increase 10 fold, suckling stimulates the relase of prolactin and oxytocin

85
Q

Birth

A

cervix

86
Q

cell specilization is due to

A

differential gene expression

87
Q

the chooseing of a particular fate for cell type even through it isnt yet appartent

A

determination

88
Q

the result of determination in which a cell has become a distince cell type

A

differentiation

89
Q

what causes mechanisms of differential gene expression

A

transcription

90
Q

cell to cell communication

A

induction

extracellular signals, direct contact, gap junctions

91
Q

extracelluarl signal

A

receptor mediated

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