Biology Day 9 Flashcards
external genitalia
penis and scrotum(sac holding testes-helps regulate temp)
gonads
testes; produce sperm and secrete testosterone
internal genitalia
accessory glands and ducts
productions/ejaculation of sperm
storage and maturation-epidymis, vasedeferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
nutrients enzymes prostaglandins
seminal vesicles
buffers, nutirents, enzymes
prostrate gland
mucus and buffers
bulbourethral glands
female gonads
ovaries, produce ova and secrete estrogen and progestrone
femal exteranl genitalia
vulva(labia majora and miora, clitoris)
internal genetalia female
vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes,
birth canal
vagina
the womb
uterus
layer of gladualr epithelium shed during menstruation
endometrium
thick layer of smooth muscle
myometrium
opening of the uterus
cervix
dialted slightly during ferile days and greatly during childbirth
cervix
carry ova from the ovary to the uterus (via peristalisis)
falloiaian tubues
Male gametes
spermatozoa
male germ cells
spermatogonia
results of male germ cells
4 haploid sperm… start during puberty
female gametes
ova
famale germ cells
oogonia
female results
1 ovum, 2 polar bodies… 500,000 primary oocytes produced during fetal develpment, ovulation from puberty to menopasue
Spermatozoa produced in
seminiferous tubules of the testes
what regulate sperm developmetn
sustentacular cells
secrete testoterone
leydig cells (interstial cells)
spematogonium
diploid 1 makes 4
primary spermatocyte
diploid
secondary spermatocytes
meisis 1 diploid
spermatids
meiosis ii hapoid…
spermatozoa
Epidymis…. haploid
GnRH(male)
stimulates release of LH and FSH from hypothalmus
LH and FSH inhibit(male)
GnRH
from anterior pitutiary
(m) LH stimulates
Leydig cells to produce testoterone
what helps maintina spermatognesis
testosterone
Testosterone inhibits
GnFH and LH
Testis release
inhibin
Testis inhibits
release FSH
Oogonia develp
inot prmary oocytes before birth… arrest in propahse 1
primary ooctyes splits into
secondary oocyte and first polar body in Meiosis 1… arrest in Metaphae II, ovulated
Meiosis II is only completed
if fertilized
oogonium
diploid
primary oocyte
diploid
seondary oocytes
haploid and first polar body
zygote to
cleavage…. 2,4,8 celled…
cleavage to
morula
morula to
blastocyt
blastocyt
implants
primary oocyte is enclosed
in a follicle
ooctye is surrounded by a layer
of granulosa cells and an outer layer called theca
Folliular phase (day 1-13)
fsh stimulated follicle maturation
FSH and LH stimulate production
of estrogen by the maturing follicle
The follicular remains become
corpus luteum
Luteal Phase(Day 15-28)
th corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone…. corpus luteum degenerates thorughout the phase bc of low LH…. estrogen and progestrone levles drop at the end of this phase signaling menstuation all over again
Pregnancy occurs… what horomone is produced?
hCG
hCG keeps
the corpus luteum from degeneragting in place of lH
Corpus luteum during pregnancy maintins
high levles of estrogen and progestrone (first 2-3 months)
the placenta
takes over production of estrogen and progestrone for the remainder of the pregnancy
the endometrium isnt shed…
ovulation does not occur, LH remains low
GnRH in women
stimualtes release of LH and FSH
LH in women
stimulates the follicle to produce estrogen
FSH in women
stimuatles the follicle to mature…
Estrogen inhiibts
release of GnRH, LH, and FSH
Follicles release
ihibin of FSH
Meses(1-7)
endometrium is lsoughed off; signalled by low levels of estrogen and progestrogene
Proliferative Phase(7-14) mentstral cycle
increasing levesll of estrogen lead to endometrial growth
secretory phase(15-28) mentstral cycle
preperation for implantation. endometirla cell deposit lipids and glycogen in their cytoplasm
Fertilization takes place
in fallopian tubes
acrosomess contains
enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida
how many sperm fertalize ovum
single sperm
what prevents more sperm from fertalizing
depolarization and an influx in Ca prevent subsequent sperm from penetrating
sperm injects only into
nucleus
cytoplasm and organelles comes from
mother
after fertalization… the ovum completels meiosis ii
and the two nuclei fuse together to become a zygote..
fertalization ususlaly occurs
in the distal end of the fallopian tubes
the jorney in the uterus usually takes
4-5 days
cleavage
cell division with little cell growth
blastocyt hollow ball of 100 cells
outer layer.. trophoblast, trphoblast becomes corion/placenta and secretes hCG, inner cell mass adheres to one side, inner cell mass will be the growing embryo, blastocyt embeds in the endometrium, chorionic villi pierce the vascular endometrium
gastrulation
blastocyt folds in on intself forming three germ layers
ectoderm
epidermis, nervous system, eyes and ears
mesoderm
dermis, muscle and bone, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, urnary system, reproductive system,
endoderm
repiratory epithelium, digestive epithelium, digestive system, bladder,
folding of the ectoderm to form the central nervous system
neurulation
Birth occurs
btw 38 and 40 wks
Lactation
prolactin stimulates milk production, estrogen and progestrone stiumlate develpment of breasts/mammory glands but inhibit prolactin, estrogen and progestrone leevels fall after delivery, prolactin levels increase 10 fold, suckling stimulates the relase of prolactin and oxytocin
Birth
cervix
cell specilization is due to
differential gene expression
the chooseing of a particular fate for cell type even through it isnt yet appartent
determination
the result of determination in which a cell has become a distince cell type
differentiation
what causes mechanisms of differential gene expression
transcription
cell to cell communication
induction
extracellular signals, direct contact, gap junctions
extracelluarl signal
receptor mediated
