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Undeleted > Bio day 10 > Flashcards

Bio day 10 Flashcards

0
Q

an organism’s observable traits (determined by genotype and enbrironment)

A

phenotype

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1
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup responsibile for a particular train

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2
Q

genetic material coding for a single gene product(peptide, rRNA, tRNA)

A

gene

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3
Q

the chromosomal location of a gene

A

locus

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4
Q

one variant of a gene

A

allele

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5
Q

chromosomes that code for the same set of genees, may be different alleles though(one from each parent)

A

homologous chromosomes

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6
Q

having tow identical alleles for a gene

A

homozygous

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7
Q

having two different alleles for a gene

A

heterozygous

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8
Q

the normal or most prebalent allel in a population

A

wild type

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9
Q

an allele where only one copy is necessary to yield the corresponding phenotype

A

dominant

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10
Q

an allele where two copies are necessary to yeild the corresponding phenotype

A

recessive

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11
Q

when a heterozygote has the pheotype of only 1 of the alleles ( the dominant one)

A

complete dominance

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12
Q

both inherited alleles are complelty expressed (ex. blood type)

A

codominance

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13
Q

phenotypes of the progeny that are intermediate of the parental phenotypes(snap dragons- homozygous red crossed with homozygous white gives pink)

A

incomplete dominance

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14
Q

when a loss of function mutation doesnt result in complete lack of a phenotype

A

leakage

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15
Q

the percentage of organisms having a certain genotype expressing a certain phenotype

A

penetrance

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16
Q

a term describing the variation in phenotpye amoung organims with a given genotype

A

expressivity

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17
Q

whan a single gene affects multiple traits

A

pleiotropism

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18
Q

when multiple genes affect a single trait

A

polygenism

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19
Q

when the expression of a gene is dependent upon another gene

A

epistatsis

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20
Q

the set of all alleles in a population

A

gene pool

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21
Q

interphase…meiosis 1… meiosis 2

A

diploidXX… haploidX…. haploid L.L…

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22
Q

G1 Protein and nucleic acid synthesis to prepare for replications producation of organelles

A

interphase

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23
Q

S DNA replication

A

Interphase

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24
Q

Recombination happens in…

A

Prophase I

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25
Q

longest phase, chromosemes condense and tetra fomraiton (homologous pairs), disappearance of the nuclear envelope and polarization of the centrioles (MTOC’s)

A

Prophase I

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26
Q

Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach at centromeres via kinetochores

A

metaphase I

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27
Q

spindle fibers PULL HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES APART towards the centrioles… clevage furrow beings forming

A

Anaphase 1

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28
Q

nuclear membranes reform, completion of cytokinesis

A

telephase i

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29
Q

chromosemes condense, disappearance of the nuclear envelope and polarization of the centrioles

A

Prophase II

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30
Q

chromoseomes line up on metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach at centromeres via kinetochores

A

metaphase II

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31
Q

spindle fibers PULL SISTER CHROMATIDS APART towards the centrioles, cleavage furrow begins forming

A

anaphase II

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32
Q

nuclear membranes reform, completino of cytokinesis

A

telephase II

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33
Q

failure of tetrads to separate during meiosis I or sister chromatids in meiosis II….. Down syndrom, turner syndrome, Kleinfelter syndrome

A

nondisjuction

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34
Q

movement of a segment of one chromosome to another non-homologous chromosomes

A

translocation

35
Q

separation of alleles into haploid gametes

A

law of segregation

36
Q

genes assort independently to the progeny

A

law of independent assortment

37
Q

leads to new cobinations of alleles, occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis, exchange of segments from homolougous chromosomes

A

recombination

38
Q

genes on the same chromosome won’t necessarily undergo independent assortment, the closer together on the chromosome the greater the linkage btw genes, the likelihood of recombination occurring btw two genes increase with the distance in teh genes

A

linkes genes

39
Q

ofspring (female) have only a single X chromomes resulting from nondisjunction

A

Turner Syndrome(X)

40
Q

offspring(male) XXY have an extra X crhomosome resulting from nondisjunction

A

kleinfelter

41
Q

any genetic disorders coded by the mitochondrial DNA will be passed on to all offspring

A

mitochondrial inheritance… only mother.

42
Q

mutations

A

most mutations are deleterious to the cell…. translational, transcriptional errors

43
Q

a single base substitution

A

point mutation

44
Q

point mutation leading to a codon coding for a different amino acid

A

missense mutation

45
Q

point muattion leading to a premature stop codon

A

nonsense mutation

46
Q

insertion or deletion leading to a change in teh reading frame of a gene

A

frameshift muations

47
Q

low level of natural mutations that occur during replication.. random error

A

mutations in replication

48
Q

metabolic disorders caused by muations

A

inborn errors fo metabolism

49
Q

an agent that causes mutations

A

mutagen

50
Q

an agent that can cause cancer

A

carcinogen

51
Q

allele frequenceies remain constatn in a gene pool for a population in equilibrium

A

hardy weinberg equilibrium

52
Q

hardy weinburg equilibrium

A

p+q=1

53
Q

equation hardy

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

54
Q

assumptions for equilbirium

A
  1. Random Mating
  2. No mutations
  3. No selection ( natural or otherwise)
  4. No migration
  5. Large population size… no genetic drift
55
Q

the ability of an organism to pass on its alleles

A

fitness

56
Q

differential reporduction of an organism based upon fitness in its environment… the alleles that confer firtness will increase in frequency in the gene pool over time

A

natural selection

57
Q

selection against the extremes.. for the averages

A

stabilizing selection

58
Q

selection against teh avgs

A

disruptive (divergent) selection

59
Q

selection against one extreme (but favoring the opposite extreme)

A

directional selection

60
Q

directional selection done by humnas with selecting for traits in animals and crops

A

artificial selection

61
Q

differential mating btw males and females

A

sexual selection

62
Q

group of organsims that are capable of interbreeding to produce fit offspring

A

species

63
Q

barrieres preventing members of different species from producing fit offspring

A

reproductive isolation

64
Q

the existence of multiple phenotypes within a population

A

polymorphism

65
Q

an inherited trait that confers greater fitness

A

adaptation

66
Q

an adaptation to a specific function or environment

A

specialiization

67
Q

the sum of the environmental requiremnts required for a species to persist, includes habitat, predators, prey, thought of as being unique for each species

A

ecological niche

68
Q

increased likelihood of mating btw organisms w similar genotypes

A

inbreeding

69
Q

increased likelihood of mating btw organism w different genotypes

A

outbreeding

70
Q

random change in allel frquencies in a population, smaller populaitons are more suseptible to it…

A

genetic shift

71
Q

dramatic decrease in size of a population making it suseptible to genetic drift

A

bottleneck

72
Q

two species possess the same analogous structures unrealated to a common ancestor

A

convergaent evolution

73
Q

divergence leading to distinct populations/species

A

divergent evolution

74
Q

similar evolutionary changes in different species due to similar environmental pressures

A

parallel evolution

75
Q

when a species requres another species as a host to live, harming the host in the process

A

parasitism

76
Q

an organism requres another species as a host to live w no harm or benefit to the host

A

commernsalism

77
Q

symbiotic relationship btw two organisms that confers fitness to both

A

mutualism

78
Q

similarities in stages of develoment

A

ontogeny

79
Q

ontogeny can be used to determine evolutionary relationships btw organisms

A

phylogeny

80
Q

life was seeded extraterrestrially (meteors, cosmic dust,….)

A

panspermia

81
Q

Miller-urey experiments

A

organic molecules can be produces form a simple mexture of gases and electricity… formeldehyde, urea, and other result

82
Q

lipid bylayers

A

spontaneously form in aqueous solution via self assembly

83
Q

orignial gentic material

A

RNA

84
Q

What attributes do we associate with life?

A
  1. heredity and reproduction
  2. being distince from its environment
  3. capable of growth and development
  4. the ability to respond to stimuli from the environment
  5. capable of homeostasis and regulation

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