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PHARM 204 > Lect 6 - Neurons > Flashcards

Lect 6 - Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS associated with? What does it do?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

Control Center
Respond to Stimuli
Interpret Sensory Info

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2
Q

What is the PNS associated with?

A

Tissue outside the CNS

Afferent and Efferent that links CNS with organs and other systems

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3
Q

PNS can be divided into? What does each division do?

A

Afferent Division:
Brings sensory info to CNS
Starts at receptors

Efferent Division
Carries motor commands to muscles/glands
Ends at effectors

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4
Q

Neural Cortex

A

Layer of gray matter on surface of the brain

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5
Q

Center (CNS Gross Anatomy)

A

Group of neurons in the CNS that share a common function

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6
Q

Nucleus (CNS Gross Anatomy)

A

A center in the CNS with its own anatomical boundaries

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7
Q

Tract (CNS Gross Anatomy)

A

Bundle of axons within the CNS

They all share the same origin, destination, and function

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8
Q

Column (CNS Gross Anatomy)

A

Group of tracts found within a specific region of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Ganglion (CNS Gross Anatomy)

A

Sensor/Motor neuron within the PNS

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10
Q

Afferent can be subdivided into

A

Somatic: Skeletal Muscles

Visceral: Internal Organs

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11
Q

Efferent can be subdivided into

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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12
Q

Autonomic Nervous System can be subdivided into. What is it responsible for?

A

Parasympathetic Division
Sympathetic Division

Controls Visceral Functions (Gut, glands, internal organs)

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13
Q

What are the different types of neurons

A

Sensory Neuron
Carries sensory info from PNS to CNS
Motor Neuron
Carries motor commands from CNS to effectors

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14
Q

What are Neuroglia

A

Supports neurons
Regulate environment
Defend from pathogens
Repair nervous tissue

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15
Q

What are Dendrites

A

Respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment or activity of other cells

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16
Q

What are Neurons

A

Nerve Cells that transfer and process info within the nervous system

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17
Q

What is the Cell Body (Neurons)

A

Main part of the neuron, contains nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other organelles

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18
Q

What is the Axon

A

Conducts nerve impulses towards the axon terminals

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19
Q

What are Axon Terminals

A

Affect other neurons or effector organs (Muscle/Organ)

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20
Q

Define Excitability (Action Potenital)

A

Ability of a plasma membrane to respond to an adequate stimulus and generate an action response.

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21
Q

What makes a cell have membrane potential

A

Cell has an uneven distribution of ions resulting in a potential difference

22
Q

Do all cells have membrane potential?

A

Yes all cells do have some sort of membrane potential, changing this membrane potential dramatically can excite cells

23
Q

Define Membrane Potential

A

The uneven distribution of positive/negative ions across the plasma membrane

24
Q

Define Threshold Stimulus

A

Level of stimuli needed to cause a change in membrane permeability

25
Q

What affects the speed of an action potential

A

Size of the Myelinated Axon
Larger Axons are faster
If the axon is Myelinated
Myelination allows for faster impulses

26
Q

How do ion channels show selectivity

A

Diameter of pore

Distribution of charged/non-polar amino acids throughout the pore

27
Q

What are the different methods of gating for an Ion Channel

A

Conformation Change (In One Region)
Channel closes in the centre

General Structural Change
Entire channel changes

Blocking Particle
Little particle plugs channel

28
Q

What are the different methods of opening/closing an ion channel

A

Ligand-Gated

Phosphorylation-Gated

Voltage-Gated

Mechanically-Gated

29
Q

What is Ligand-Gated

A

Binding of ligand causes conformational change

30
Q

What is Phosphorylation-Gated

A

G-protein or other signal transduction causes conformational change

31
Q

What is Voltage-Gated

A

Changes in distribution of charges across the membrane causes conformational change

32
Q

What is Mechanically-Gated

A

Cytoskeleton causes conformational change

33
Q

What kind of things are Ligand-Gated (Neurons)

A

Dendrites
Soma (Cell Body)

34
Q

What kind of things are Phosphorylation-Gated (Neurons)

A

Dendrites
Soma (Cell Body)

35
Q

What kind of things are Voltage-Gated (Neurons)

A

Axon Hillock
Axon Terminal

36
Q

What kind of things are Mechanically-Gated (Neurons)

A

Receptors ends of Sensory Afferents

37
Q

In a neuron where are passive ion channels located

A

Throughout the neuron

38
Q

What does the CNS Neuroglia contain

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

39
Q

What are Astrocytes? What are their function?

A

The largest and most numerous Neuroglia

Make up the blood brain barrier
Prevents drugs from entering the brain and isolate CNS from general circulation

40
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes

A

Neuroglia of the CNS

Forms myelin sheath
Forms internodes
Form myelin sheath gaps

41
Q

What is White Matter

A

Areas with mostly myelinated axons

42
Q

What is Gray Matter

A

Areas with mostly devoid of myelinated axons

Dendrites and Cell bodies are made up of gray matter

43
Q

What are Microglia

A

Neuroglia of the CNS

Phagocytic Cells
Gets rid of invaders in CNS, also gets rid of debris

44
Q

What are Ependymal Cells

A

Neuroglia of the CNS

Involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Makes up a cellular lining called the ependyma

45
Q

Ganglia (PNS)

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

46
Q

Peripheral Nerves (PNS)

A

Axons that are bundled together

47
Q

What are the two types of Neuroglia (PNS)

A

Satellite Cells

Schwann Cells (Neurolemmocytes)

48
Q

What are Satellite Cells? What are their function?

A

Neuroglia of the PNS

Surrounds Cell Bodies, mimics astrocytes regulating external chemical environment

49
Q

What are Schwann Cells

A

Neuroglia of the PNS

Surround axons, mimics oligodendrocytes covering neurons in a myelin sheath

50
Q

What are Schwann Cells composed of

A

Axolemma/Neurolemma

PHARM 204 (20 decks)

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