Lect 13 - CNS (Cerebrum)

Question 1

Cerebral Hemisphere (Gyri)

Answer 1

Ridge (Highpoint)

Question 2

Cerebral Hemisphere (Sulci)

Answer 2

Grooves (Lowpoint)

Question 3

Cerebral Hemisphere (Central Sulcus)

Answer 3

Separates Frontal and Parietal Lobes

Question 4

Cerebral Hemisphere (Lateral Sulcus)

Answer 4

Separates Temporal and Frontal and Parietal Lobes

Question 5

Cerebral Hemisphere (Parieto-Occipital Sulcus)

Answer 5

Separates Parietal and Occipital Lobes

Question 6

Cerebral Hemisphere (Longitudinal Fissure)

Answer 6

Separates the two hemispheres of the Cerebrum

Question 7

Main function of Cerebrum

Answer 7

Conscious thought and all intellectual function

Question 8

Insula

Answer 8

Deep within the Lateral Sulcus

Interacts with the limbic system
Sensory Motor
Emotion
Cognitive functions

Question 9

Frontal Lobe

Answer 9

Conscious control of Skeletal Muscles

Question 10

Temporal Lobe

Answer 10

Conscious perception of Audio and Olfactory stimuli

Question 11

Parietal Lobe

Answer 11

Conscious perception of Touch, Pressure, Temperature, Pain, Vibration, and Taste

Question 12

Occipital Lobe

Answer 12

Perception of Visual stimuli

Question 13

Precentral Gyrus (Location)

Answer 13

Anterior to Central Sulcus (Frontal/Parietal)

Question 14

Precentral Gyrus (Function)

Answer 14

Pyramidal Cells direct voluntary movements

Done by controlling the somatic motor neurons in brain/spinal cord

Question 15

Precentral Gyrus (Consists of)

Answer 15

Primary Motor Cortex that is made up of Pyramidal Cells

Question 16

Postcentral Gyrus (Location)

Answer 16

Posterior to Central Sulcus (Frontal/Parietal)

Question 17

Postcentral Gyrus (Function)

Answer 17

Neurons receive somatic sensory info for touch, pain, pressure, taste

Question 18

Postcentral Gyrus (Consists of)

Answer 18

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Question 19

Define Association Area
List some association areas

Answer 19

Areas that are important in integrating and understanding sensory/motor info

Somatosensory Association Area
Premotor Cortex
Visual Association Area
Auditory Association Area

Question 20

Somatosensory Association Area

Answer 20

Understanding of size, form, texture

Question 21

Premotor Cortex

Answer 21

Understanding of learned movement based off of memories

Uses these memories to coordinate with the motor cortex to produce motor actives

Question 22

Visual Association Area

Answer 22

Visually recognizes and interprets objects

Question 23

Auditory Association Area

Answer 23

Recognizes sound

Question 24

Composition of Sensory Neurons

Answer 24

Made up of Afferent Neurons in the PNS delivers info to CNS

Question 25

Somatic Sensory Neurons

Answer 25

Transmits info from the world around us (Info taken from skin, skeletal muscles, sensory organs)

Question 26

Visceral Sensory Neurons

Answer 26

Transmits internal organ info

Question 27

Proprioceptors

Answer 27

Monitors the position and movement of skeletal muscles Maintains movement and Stops you from falling over

Question 28

Steps of Motor Control

Answer 28

Idea: Develop the idea to move Association Areas Program: Motor Commands to carry out movement Premotor/Primary Motor Execution: Activate the correct muscles at the right time Pyramidal and Motor Neuron Feedback: Background tweaking based on constant feedback Sensory System and Cerebellum

Question 29

Where do the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscles originate from? What are they called?

Answer 29

Originate in Ventral Horn of spinal cord Called Lower Motor Neurons or Motor Neurons

Question 30

How many tracts descend from the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Muscles? What are these tracts?

Answer 30

2 Tracts: Pyramidal Tracts Extrapyramidal Tract

Question 31

Pyramidal Tract Pathway, What are the Neurons called, What kind of movement is this tract used for

Answer 31

From Primary Motor Cortex --> Spinal Cord --> Terminates in Ventral Horn Called Upper Motor Neurons Used for discrete movements in extremities (Movement with a single goal stretching to its max)

Question 32

Extrapyramidal Tracts

Answer 32

All other motor pathways that are not m

Question 33

Pyramidal vs Extrapyramidal

Answer 33

Pyramidal Tracts originate in the Brain (Motor Cortex) Extrapyramidal Tracts originate in the Brainstem, signal generated by dopamine

Question 34

Extrapyramidal Side Effects

Answer 34

First Generation Anti Psychotics mess with Dopamine --> Disruption of Dopamine means initial signal is disrupted --> Weird movements (Parkinsons)

Question 35

What makes up the Central White Matter

Answer 35

Made up of bundles called: Association Fibers Commissural Fibers Projection Fibers

Question 36

Association Fibers

Answer 36

Tracts that connects areas within the same hemisphere

Question 37

Examples of Association Fibers

Answer 37

Arcuate Fibers Longitudinal Fasciculi

Question 38

Commissural Fibers

Answer 38

Tracts that connects specific lobes of different hemispheres

Question 39

Examples of Commissural Fibers

Answer 39

Corpus Callosum Anterior Commissure

Question 40

Projection FIbers

Answer 40

Tracts that connects cerebrum with other regions of the brain/spinal cord

Question 41

What are tracts of afferent and efferent fibers called

Answer 41

Internal Capsule

Question 42

What are Basal Nuclei

Answer 42

Masses of Gray Matter Embedded in the White Matter interior Inferior to lateral ventricles

Question 43

Basal Nuclei (Function)

Answer 43

Subconscious Control Skeletal Muscle Tone (Resting Skeletal Muscle Tension) Coordination of learned movement patterns Processes, integrates, and relays information from the cerebral cortex

Question 44

What does the Basal Nuclei consist of

Answer 44

Caudate Nucleus Lentiform Nucleus Claustrum Putamen Globus Pallidus

Question 45

Caudate Nucleus

Answer 45

Subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands Controls the cycles of arm and leg movements when walking

Question 46

Lentiform Nucleus

Answer 46

Subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands

Question 47

Claustrum

Answer 47

Subconscious control of visual processing

Question 48

Putamen

Answer 48

Controls the cycles of arm and leg movements when walking

Question 49

Globus Pallidus

Answer 49

Adjusts muscle tone to prepare for walking