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PHARM 204 > Lect 15 - CNS (Neurotransmitters) > Flashcards

Lect 15 - CNS (Neurotransmitters) Flashcards

1
Q

Channel Linked vs Ligand Gateed

A

Channel Linked (Ionotropic)
Fast acting
Ligand-Gated
When neurotransmitter leaves channel closes

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (Metabotropic)
Slow acting

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2
Q

Ionotropic

A

Receptors is an Ion Channel
Directly Gated
Fast Response

Ex. Change in charge distribution

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3
Q

Metabotropic

A

Receptor acts through a G Protein

Ex. G-protein causes direct coupling and opens an ion channel

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4
Q

Steps in Synaptic Communication

A
  1. Action Potential Initiated
  2. Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels Open
  3. Ca2+ enters and triggers vesicle docking and secretion into synaptic cleft
  4. Neurotransmitter diffuse and binds to receptor on postsynaptic neuron
  5. Response in Cell, can lead to further messengers and amplification of signal
  6. Degradation by enzyme (Happens in multiple locations)
  7. Neurotransmitter is reuptake into presynaptic terminal by transported
    Can be degraded or recycled
  8. Diffusion out of synaptic cleft
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5
Q

Acetylcholine (Found Where)

A

PNS and CNS

Most abundant neurotransmitter in PNS

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6
Q

Acetylcholine (Synthesis)

A

Acetyl CoA + Choline –> Acetylcholine + CoA
Synthesized in axon terminal (presynaptic)

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7
Q

Acetylcholine (Enzyme for Synthesis)

A

Choline Acetyl Transferase (CAT)

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8
Q

Acetylcholine (Breakdown)

A

Acetylcholine –> Acetate + Choline
Occurs in synaptic cleft

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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9
Q

Acetylcholine Synaptic Communication Path

A
  1. Synthesized in terminal
    Choline + Acetyl Coenzyme A by Choline Acetyl Transferase (CAT)
  2. Stored in synaptic vesicles
  3. Vesicles dock and secreted ACh into synaptic cleft
  4. ACh can bind with Cholinergic Receptors on postsynaptic cell
  5. ACh can be degraded by AChe into choline and acetate
  6. Choline is actively transported (reuptake) back into presynaptic terminal and reused
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10
Q

ACh (Classification)

A

Cholinergic Neurons
Can be excitatory or inhibitory

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11
Q

ACh (Receptor Types)

A

Nicotinic (Ionotropic)
Muscarinic (Metabotropic)

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12
Q

ACh (CNS Effects)

A

Few cholinergic nuclei, widespread projection of efferents

Cognition, Behaviour, Memory, Attention, Learning

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13
Q

ACh (nAChR)

A

Reward and Anti-anxiety pathway

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14
Q

ACh (PNS)

A

ACh is mostly in PNS, acts on:
Neuromuscular Junction
ANS

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15
Q

Alzheimer (Cause)

A

Degeneration of cholinergic neurons at basal forebrain, which projects to the hippocampus (memory)

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16
Q

Alzheimer (Physiology)

A

Loss of cholinergic input from the basal forebrain, unable to project properly to hippocampus (memory)

Loss of postsynaptic cells

Loss of frontal/temporal mass

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17
Q

Alzheimer (Histological Signs)

A

Beta-amyloid Plagues
Neurofibrillary Tangle

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18
Q

Alzheimer (Symptomology)

A

Memory loss
Deficits in language/perception
Confusion

Advanced: Motor Deficits

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19
Q

Myasthenia Gravis (Cause and Effects)

A

Autoimmune destruction of nAChR receptors at the motor endplate
–> Less receptors = Less total depolarization
–> Insufficient for AP resulting in reduced transmission

Causes Simpler junctional folds and Weakness of Muscles

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20
Q

Myasthenia Gravis (AChE)

A

Prevents breakdown of ACh meaning that it stays in synaptic cleft longer

ACh can have prolonged effects and may generate AP

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21
Q

Catecholamines (Derived From?)

A

Tyrosine

22
Q

Serotonin (Derived From?)

A

Tryptophan

23
Q

Histamine

A

Histidine

24
Q

Different kinds of Catecholamines

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

25
Q

Enzymes that degrade amines

A

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
MAO-A and MAO-B
Selective for different neurotransmitters
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

26
Q

Catecholamine (Synthesis)

A

Tyrosine Kinase: Tyrosine –> L-DOPA
Decarboxylase: L-DOPA –> Dopamine
Dopamine beta hydroxylase:
Dopamine –> Norepinephrine
Phenylethanol amine methyl transferase (Adrenal Gland):
Norepinephrine –> Epinephrine

27
Q

Serotonin (Metabotropic or Ionotropic)

A

14 Metabotropic Types
1 Ionotropic Types

28
Q

Serotonin (Inhibition)

A

5-HT terminated by SERT (Serotonin Transporter)
5-HT degraded by MAO (Monoamine Oxidase)

29
Q

Serotonin (Where?)

A

Cell bodies mainly in brainstem
Projections are widespread across CNS

30
Q

Serotonin (Role)

A

Sensory and Motor Function
Mood, Anxiety, Wakefulness
Pain

31
Q

SSRIs

A

Used to treat depression

Blocks reuptake of 5-HT, increases effects of serotonin

32
Q

Glutamate (What kind of neurotransmitter)

A

Main Excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

Major role in long-term potentiation

33
Q

Glutamate (Strength)

A

More activity results in strengthening of that synapse

34
Q

Glutamate (Receptors)

A

AMPA
Kainate
NMDA

35
Q

AMPA Receptors

A

Ionotropic Na+ Channel
Glutamate binds to allow for Sodium influx and potassium efflux

36
Q

Kainate Receptors

A

Ionotropic Na+ Channel
Glutamate binds to allow for Sodium influx and potassium efflux

37
Q

NMDA Receptors

A

Ionotropic Ca2+ Channel
Lots of different binding sites
Glutamine
Mg2+
Zn2+
Polyamines
Glycine

Glutamine binds to allow passage of Ca2+
Mg2+ acts as a blocker preventing Ca2+

38
Q

Inhibition of Glu Receptors

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons causes excess activity of Glu pathways
–> Parkinson’s

39
Q

GABA (Synthesis)

A

Glutamate is converted by Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

40
Q

GABA (What neurons)

A

GABAergic Neurons

41
Q

GABA (Role)

A

Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in Brain

GABA activity = reduced activity in neuronal circuits

42
Q

GABA (Receptors)

A

Ionotropic Receptors
GABA(A)
GABA(C) in retina
Metabotropic Receptors
GABA(B)

43
Q

GABA(A) Receptors

A

Ionotropic

Cl- Channel
Binds to:
GABA
Benzodiazepine
Barbiturates
Alcohol

Anti anxiety

44
Q

Glycine (What kind of neurons)

A

Glycinergic Neurons

45
Q

Glycine (Role)

A

Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in Spinal Cord and Brainstem

Maintains a balance of excitatory and inhibitory influences on motor neurons

46
Q

Glycine (Receptors)

A

Ionotropic (Cl- Channel)

Also acts as a co-agonist with Glu at NMDA receptors

47
Q

Glycine (Reuptake)

A

Glycine Transporters:
GlyT1: Uptakes Gly into glial cells (Astrocytes)
GlyT2: Uptakes Gly into presynaptic Terminal

48
Q

Glycine (Transporter Inhibition)

A

Mostly targets GlyT1

Inhibit Transporters = More GlyT1 in synapse

May be able to treat CNS disorders with too little NMDA binding
Gly in CSF can potentiate activity of NMDA receptors

49
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Modulate responses caused by other Neurotransmitters

50
Q

Where is Nitric Oxide stored

A

Not stored

Release determine by rate of synthesis by nitric oxide synthase

Has to diffuse to target to interact with proteins

PHARM 204 (20 decks)

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