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PHARM 204 > Lect 15 - CNS (Neurotransmitters) > Flashcards

Lect 15 - CNS (Neurotransmitters) Flashcards

1
Q

Channel Linked vs Ligand Gateed

A

Channel Linked (Ionotropic)
Fast acting
Ligand-Gated
When neurotransmitter leaves channel closes

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (Metabotropic)
Slow acting

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2
Q

Ionotropic

A

Receptors is an Ion Channel
Directly Gated
Fast Response

Ex. Change in charge distribution

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3
Q

Metabotropic

A

Receptor acts through a G Protein

Ex. G-protein causes direct coupling and opens an ion channel

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4
Q

Steps in Synaptic Communication

A
  1. Action Potential Initiated
  2. Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels Open
  3. Ca2+ enters and triggers vesicle docking and secretion into synaptic cleft
  4. Neurotransmitter diffuse and binds to receptor on postsynaptic neuron
  5. Response in Cell, can lead to further messengers and amplification of signal
  6. Degradation by enzyme (Happens in multiple locations)
  7. Neurotransmitter is reuptake into presynaptic terminal by transported
    Can be degraded or recycled
  8. Diffusion out of synaptic cleft
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5
Q

Acetylcholine (Found Where)

A

PNS and CNS

Most abundant neurotransmitter in PNS

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6
Q

Acetylcholine (Synthesis)

A

Acetyl CoA + Choline –> Acetylcholine + CoA
Synthesized in axon terminal (presynaptic)

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7
Q

Acetylcholine (Enzyme for Synthesis)

A

Choline Acetyl Transferase (CAT)

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8
Q

Acetylcholine (Breakdown)

A

Acetylcholine –> Acetate + Choline
Occurs in synaptic cleft

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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9
Q

Acetylcholine Synaptic Communication Path

A
  1. Synthesized in terminal
    Choline + Acetyl Coenzyme A by Choline Acetyl Transferase (CAT)
  2. Stored in synaptic vesicles
  3. Vesicles dock and secreted ACh into synaptic cleft
  4. ACh can bind with Cholinergic Receptors on postsynaptic cell
  5. ACh can be degraded by AChe into choline and acetate
  6. Choline is actively transported (reuptake) back into presynaptic terminal and reused
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10
Q

ACh (Classification)

A

Cholinergic Neurons
Can be excitatory or inhibitory

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11
Q

ACh (Receptor Types)

A

Nicotinic (Ionotropic)
Muscarinic (Metabotropic)

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12
Q

ACh (CNS Effects)

A

Few cholinergic nuclei, widespread projection of efferents

Cognition, Behaviour, Memory, Attention, Learning

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13
Q

ACh (nAChR)

A

Reward and Anti-anxiety pathway

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14
Q

ACh (PNS)

A

ACh is mostly in PNS, acts on:
Neuromuscular Junction
ANS

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15
Q

Alzheimer (Cause)

A

Degeneration of cholinergic neurons at basal forebrain, which projects to the hippocampus (memory)

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16
Q

Alzheimer (Physiology)

A

Loss of cholinergic input from the basal forebrain, unable to project properly to hippocampus (memory)

Loss of postsynaptic cells

Loss of frontal/temporal mass

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17
Q

Alzheimer (Histological Signs)

A

Beta-amyloid Plagues
Neurofibrillary Tangle

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18
Q

Alzheimer (Symptomology)

A

Memory loss
Deficits in language/perception
Confusion

Advanced: Motor Deficits

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19
Q

Myasthenia Gravis (Cause and Effects)

A

Autoimmune destruction of nAChR receptors at the motor endplate
–> Less receptors = Less total depolarization
–> Insufficient for AP resulting in reduced transmission

Causes Simpler junctional folds and Weakness of Muscles

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20
Q

Myasthenia Gravis (AChE)

A

Prevents breakdown of ACh meaning that it stays in synaptic cleft longer

ACh can have prolonged effects and may generate AP

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21
Q

Catecholamines (Derived From?)

22
Q

Serotonin (Derived From?)

A

Tryptophan

23
Q

Histamine

24
Q

Different kinds of Catecholamines

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

25
Enzymes that degrade amines
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) MAO-A and MAO-B Selective for different neurotransmitters Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
26
Catecholamine (Synthesis)
Tyrosine Kinase: Tyrosine --> L-DOPA Decarboxylase: L-DOPA --> Dopamine Dopamine beta hydroxylase: Dopamine --> Norepinephrine Phenylethanol amine methyl transferase (Adrenal Gland): Norepinephrine --> Epinephrine
27
Serotonin (Metabotropic or Ionotropic)
14 Metabotropic Types 1 Ionotropic Types
28
Serotonin (Inhibition)
5-HT terminated by SERT (Serotonin Transporter) 5-HT degraded by MAO (Monoamine Oxidase)
29
Serotonin (Where?)
Cell bodies mainly in brainstem Projections are widespread across CNS
30
Serotonin (Role)
Sensory and Motor Function Mood, Anxiety, Wakefulness Pain
31
SSRIs
Used to treat depression Blocks reuptake of 5-HT, increases effects of serotonin
32
Glutamate (What kind of neurotransmitter)
Main Excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS Major role in long-term potentiation
33
Glutamate (Strength)
More activity results in strengthening of that synapse
34
Glutamate (Receptors)
AMPA Kainate NMDA
35
AMPA Receptors
Ionotropic Na+ Channel Glutamate binds to allow for Sodium influx and potassium efflux
36
Kainate Receptors
Ionotropic Na+ Channel Glutamate binds to allow for Sodium influx and potassium efflux
37
NMDA Receptors
Ionotropic Ca2+ Channel Lots of different binding sites Glutamine Mg2+ Zn2+ Polyamines Glycine Glutamine binds to allow passage of Ca2+ Mg2+ acts as a blocker preventing Ca2+
38
Inhibition of Glu Receptors
Loss of dopaminergic neurons causes excess activity of Glu pathways --> Parkinson's
39
GABA (Synthesis)
Glutamate is converted by Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
40
GABA (What neurons)
GABAergic Neurons
41
GABA (Role)
Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in Brain GABA activity = reduced activity in neuronal circuits
42
GABA (Receptors)
Ionotropic Receptors GABA(A) GABA(C) in retina Metabotropic Receptors GABA(B)
43
GABA(A) Receptors
Ionotropic Cl- Channel Binds to: GABA Benzodiazepine Barbiturates Alcohol Anti anxiety
44
Glycine (What kind of neurons)
Glycinergic Neurons
45
Glycine (Role)
Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in Spinal Cord and Brainstem Maintains a balance of excitatory and inhibitory influences on motor neurons
46
Glycine (Receptors)
Ionotropic (Cl- Channel) Also acts as a co-agonist with Glu at NMDA receptors
47
Glycine (Reuptake)
Glycine Transporters: GlyT1: Uptakes Gly into glial cells (Astrocytes) GlyT2: Uptakes Gly into presynaptic Terminal
48
Glycine (Transporter Inhibition)
Mostly targets GlyT1 Inhibit Transporters = More GlyT1 in synapse May be able to treat CNS disorders with too little NMDA binding Gly in CSF can potentiate activity of NMDA receptors
49
Neuropeptides
Modulate responses caused by other Neurotransmitters
50
Where is Nitric Oxide stored
Not stored Release determine by rate of synthesis by nitric oxide synthase Has to diffuse to target to interact with proteins

PHARM 204 (20 decks)

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