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PHARM 204 > Lect 18 - Cardiology > Flashcards

Lect 18 - Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Measures electrical activity of the heart

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2
Q

What functions as a conductor in an electrocardiogram?

A

The body

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3
Q

Distance and amplitude of spread depend on what two factors?

A

Size of action potentials
Synchronicity of potentials from other cells
Heart Electrical Activity is synchronized

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4
Q

Electrical Activity Waves of an Electrocardiogram

A

P Wave: Atrial Depolarization
QRS Complex: Ventricular Depolarization and Atrial Repolarization
T Wave: Ventricular Repolarization

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5
Q

Electrical Activity Segments of an Electrocardiogram

A

PQ Segment (How fast AP travels):
AV Nodal Delay
QT Segment (End of Signal to Next Signal):
Ventricular Systole
QT Interval (Time it takes to contract and recover):
Ventricular Diastole

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5
Q

Effects of a prolonged QT interval, how can this occur

A

Can lead to Tachycardia

Caused by problems with ion channel (K+ not properly increasing)

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6
Q

ECG Arrhythmias

A

Heart has an abnormal rate

Arrhythmias can be deduced by ECGs

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7
Q

Sinus Rhythem

A

Pace that is generated by SA node

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8
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast Rhythm

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9
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow Rhythm

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10
Q

Extra Contraction effect on ECG

A

Causes extra systole
Premature atrial contraction

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11
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation effect on ECG

A

Loss of coordination of electrical activity of heart
Death can happen within minutes

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12
Q

Systole

A

Period of Contraction

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13
Q

Diastole

A

Period of Relaxation

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14
Q

Cardiac cycle at rest is mostly in ______

A

Diastole

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15
Q

Benefits of longer diastole

A

Allows for optimal filling of relaxed ventricles

16
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Atriums contract ventricles are passively filled (Atrial Systole)

Atrial Systole ends and Atrial diastole begins until the next cardiac cycle

Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
AV valves close (no more filling)
Semilunar valves remain closed (no blood leaving)

When ventricle pressure > artery pressure
Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected into arteries

Isovolumetric Relaxation
Ventricles relax and ventricle pressure
decreases (Ventricles Diastole)
AV and Semilunar valve are closed

When atrial pressure > ventricle pressure
AV valves open and ventricles fill passively

17
Q

Summarize the 4 Phases of Cardiac Cycle

A

Atrial Contraction –> Ventricle Filling
AV Open, Semilunar Close

Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
AV Close, Semilunar Close
Ventricular Pressure increases from contraction

Ventricular Ejection
AV Close, Semilunar Open

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation
AV Close, Semilunar Close
Ventricular Pressure decreases from relaxation

18
Q

What are the 4 valves in the heart

A

2 Atrioventricular Valves:
Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valves

2 Semilunar Valves:
Aorta and Pulmonary Valves

19
Q

Aortic Pressure (Diastole)

A

Ventricular Relaxation

Aortic (Semilunar) Valve closes as ventricle pressure decreases

No new blood ejected into aorta and Blood is leaving aorta
–> Aorta Pressure starts to fall

Lowest Point = Diastolic Pressure

20
Q

Aortic Pressure (Systole)

A

Aortic (Semilunar) Valve opens are ventricle pressure increases

Pressure of Aorta rises from ejected blood from the ventricle
–> Aorta Pressure starts to rise

Highest Point = Systolic Pressure

21
Q

Aortic Pressure (Dicrotic Notch)

A

At the beginning of diastole aortic valve closes, backflow of blood hits the closed valve causing a slight increase in aortic pressure

22
Q

Aortic Pressure (MAP)

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

Mean pressure in aorta over cardiac cycle

23
Q

Heart Sounds (First Heart Sound, Why?)

A

Soft Lub

Both AV closes simultaneously

24
Q

Heart Sounds (Second Heart Sound, Why?)

A

Loud Du

Both Seminar Valves close simultaneously

25
Q

Why do Heart Sounds occur?

A

Sound caused by vibrations of wall of heart, wall of arteries, and valves.
Results from turbulence caused by blood flow being interrupted

26
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Pressure receptors, also known as stretch receptors

27
Q

Arterial Baroreceptors (Name, Function)

A

Sinoaortic Receptors regulate arterial blood pressure / blood volume

By responding to stretching caused by any pressure changes in the arteries

28
Q

Arterial Baroreceptors (Where)

A

Located in Aortic Arch and Carotid Sinuses

29
Q

How do Baroceptors control cardiovascular function

A

Relays pressure information to CNS

CNS can then exert control over cardiovascular functions using ANS

PHARM 204 (20 decks)

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