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PHARM 204 > Lect 16 - Cardiology (Heart) > Flashcards

Lect 16 - Cardiology (Heart) Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?
Name the chambers?

A

4 Chambers

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle

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2
Q

What are the two circuits that the heart pumps blood into

A

Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit

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3
Q

What is the Pulmonary Circuit

A

Carries CO2 rich blood from heart to lungs

Returns O2 rich blood from lungs to heart

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4
Q

What is the Systemic Circuit

A

Transports O2 rich blood from heart to the rest of the body

Body’s cells return CO2 rich blood back to the heart

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5
Q

Is the cardiovascular system an open system or a close system

A

A close system

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6
Q

What is the path of blood

A

Left Ventricle –> Aorta –> Systemic Circulation –> Vena Cavae –> Right Atrium –> Right Ventricle –> Pulmonary Artery –> Pulmonary Circuit –> Pulmonary Vein –> Left Atrium –> Left Ventricle

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7
Q

Where do arteries carry

A

Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart

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8
Q

What do veins carry

A

Transport deoxygenated blood towards the heart

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9
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Vessels that interconnect arteries and veins

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10
Q

What is the heart surrounded by?

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium

A

Fibrous Pericardium (Outer)
Serous Pericardium (Inner)

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12
Q

What two layers make up the Serous Pericardium

A

Inner Visceral Layer (Epicardium)
Outer Parietal Layer

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13
Q

Visceral Layer (Attached to what)

A

Attached to surface of the heart

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14
Q

Parietal Layer (Adjacent to what)

A

Adjacent to fibrous pericardium

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15
Q

What is the space between the two serous layers

A

Pericardial Cavity

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16
Q

What does the Pericardial Cavity contain? What is its function?

A

Pericardial Fluid

Lubricates the space to reduce friction

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17
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium: External
Myocardium: Middle
Endocardium: Internal

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18
Q

Epicardium

A

External surface of heart wall that is up of Visceral Pericardium

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

This layers contracts and relaxes to create the hearts rhythmic contraction (pumping action)

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20
Q

Endocardium

A

Internal, endothelial surface

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21
Q

What muscle is thicker ventricular muscle or atrial muscle? Why?

A

Ventricular muscle is thicker as it needs to push blood further than atria

22
Q

What muscle is thicker left ventricular muscle or right ventricular muscle? Why?

A

Left Ventricle is stronger as it pumps blood all across the body

23
Q

What appearance do Cardiac Muscle Tissues have

A

Striated Appearance

24
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissues are dependent on _______ respiration meaning they would have a lot of _______?

A

Aerobic Respiration

Have a lot of mitochondria and myoglobin

25
Do Cardiac Muscle Tissues contract voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
26
What are Cardiac Muscle Cells interconnected by?
Intercalated Discs
27
What binds and locks cardiac cells
Desmosomes, locks cardiac cells together during contraction
28
Cell-to-Cell Junction (What kind of junction)
Gap Junction
29
Cell-to-Cell Junction (Why)
Can create electrical currents from the movement of ions from once cell to another Muscles are connected by junctions meaning they form a functional syncytium and can contract as one unit
30
Autorhythmicity and Autorhythmic Cells Function
Ability to generate own rhythm Does not need commands from CNS Autorhythmic Cells can make a pathway to spread excitation through the heart
31
Where does contractile activity originiate
Originates in the heart (Myogenic)
32
2 Types of Autorhythmic Cells
Pacemaker Cells Conduction Fibers
33
Pacemaker Cells
Spontaneously depolarizes and generates action potential Coordinates and provides rhythm to heartbeat
34
Conduction Fibers
Rapidly conducts action potentials Takes ap from pacemaker cells and brings them to myocardium
35
Where are Pacemaker Cells located
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) Pacemaker of the Heart Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
36
What kinds of Conduction Fibers of the Myocardium are there
Internodal Pathways Bundle of His Purkinje Fibers
37
Rank the firing rate of the 4 autorhythmic cells
SA > AV > Bundle of His = Purkinje Fibers
38
What sets the rate of rest of the heart
Fastest Cell = Pacemaker
39
How does excitation spread between cells (What Contracts)
Atria contract and then Ventricles contract to spread excitation
40
How does excitation spread between cells (What Allows for Coordination)
Gap Junctions and Conduction Pathways allow for coordination
41
How does excitation spread between cells (Role of Intercalated Disks)
Creates junctions between adjacent myocardial cells Desmosomes can resist mechanical stress by locking cardiac cells together Resists stretching of heart when it is filled with blood Gap Junctions allow for Electrical Coupling
42
What are the steps of Initiation and Conduction of an Impulse (Heart)
1. SA Node: Initiation of AP --> Spreads through atrial muscles (via interatrial pathways) 2. Signal travels to AV node via internodal pathway AV nodal delay from slower conduction 3. Signal travels to Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) 4. Signal splits into left and right bundle branches (Into Right and Left Ventricle) 5. Purkinje Fibers transmit impulses to the rest of the myocardial cells
43
Function of AV Nodal Delay
Allows for blood to fill the atria
44
What are the 5 phases of electric activity in cardiac contractile cells (Ionic Basis)
Phase 0: Na+ Increases Phase 1: Na+ Decreases Phase 2: Ca2+ Increases, K+ decreases (Plateau) Phase 3: Ca2+ Decreases, K+ Increases Phase 4: Resting membrane potential
45
How can the SA node be altered
Impulses from ANS can modify pacemaker artery
46
Nerves from ANS innervates?
SA Node AV Node Cardiac Cells Smooth Muscles in Cardiac Blood Vessels
47
Effects of NE on sympathetic ANS
Increases Heart Rate Increase Force of Contractions Activate beta-adrenoceptors on nodal and contractile cells
48
Effects of ACh on parasympathetic ANS
Decrease Heart Rate Decrease Force of Contraction Activates Muscarinic receptors on nodal and contractile cells
49
Where are the cardiac centers that modify heart rate
Medulla Oblongata
50
What happens when Cardioacceleratory Center is stimulated
Activates Sympathetic Neurons Increase Heart Rate
51
What happens when Cardioinhibitory Center is stimulated
Activates Parasympathetic Neurons Vagus (N X) is involved Decreases Heart Rate

PHARM 204 (20 decks)

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