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PHARM 204 > Lect 16 - Cardiology (Heart) > Flashcards

Lect 16 - Cardiology (Heart) Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?
Name the chambers?

A

4 Chambers

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle

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2
Q

What are the two circuits that the heart pumps blood into

A

Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit

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3
Q

What is the Pulmonary Circuit

A

Carries CO2 rich blood from heart to lungs

Returns O2 rich blood from lungs to heart

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4
Q

What is the Systemic Circuit

A

Transports O2 rich blood from heart to the rest of the body

Body’s cells return CO2 rich blood back to the heart

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5
Q

Is the cardiovascular system an open system or a close system

A

A close system

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6
Q

What is the path of blood

A

Left Ventricle –> Aorta –> Systemic Circulation –> Vena Cavae –> Right Atrium –> Right Ventricle –> Pulmonary Artery –> Pulmonary Circuit –> Pulmonary Vein –> Left Atrium –> Left Ventricle

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7
Q

Where do arteries carry

A

Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart

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8
Q

What do veins carry

A

Transport deoxygenated blood towards the heart

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9
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Vessels that interconnect arteries and veins

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10
Q

What is the heart surrounded by?

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium

A

Fibrous Pericardium (Outer)
Serous Pericardium (Inner)

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12
Q

What two layers make up the Serous Pericardium

A

Inner Visceral Layer (Epicardium)
Outer Parietal Layer

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13
Q

Visceral Layer (Attached to what)

A

Attached to surface of the heart

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14
Q

Parietal Layer (Adjacent to what)

A

Adjacent to fibrous pericardium

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15
Q

What is the space between the two serous layers

A

Pericardial Cavity

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16
Q

What does the Pericardial Cavity contain? What is its function?

A

Pericardial Fluid

Lubricates the space to reduce friction

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17
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium: External
Myocardium: Middle
Endocardium: Internal

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18
Q

Epicardium

A

External surface of heart wall that is up of Visceral Pericardium

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

This layers contracts and relaxes to create the hearts rhythmic contraction (pumping action)

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20
Q

Endocardium

A

Internal, endothelial surface

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21
Q

What muscle is thicker ventricular muscle or atrial muscle? Why?

A

Ventricular muscle is thicker as it needs to push blood further than atria

22
Q

What muscle is thicker left ventricular muscle or right ventricular muscle? Why?

A

Left Ventricle is stronger as it pumps blood all across the body

23
Q

What appearance do Cardiac Muscle Tissues have

A

Striated Appearance

24
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissues are dependent on _______ respiration meaning they would have a lot of _______?

A

Aerobic Respiration

Have a lot of mitochondria and myoglobin

25
Q

Do Cardiac Muscle Tissues contract voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

26
Q

What are Cardiac Muscle Cells interconnected by?

A

Intercalated Discs

27
Q

What binds and locks cardiac cells

A

Desmosomes, locks cardiac cells together during contraction

28
Q

Cell-to-Cell Junction (What kind of junction)

A

Gap Junction

29
Q

Cell-to-Cell Junction (Why)

A

Can create electrical currents from the movement of ions from once cell to another

Muscles are connected by junctions meaning they form a functional syncytium and can contract as one unit

30
Q

Autorhythmicity
and
Autorhythmic Cells Function

A

Ability to generate own rhythm
Does not need commands from CNS

Autorhythmic Cells can make a pathway to spread excitation through the heart

31
Q

Where does contractile activity originiate

A

Originates in the heart (Myogenic)

32
Q

2 Types of Autorhythmic Cells

A

Pacemaker Cells
Conduction Fibers

33
Q

Pacemaker Cells

A

Spontaneously depolarizes and generates action potential

Coordinates and provides rhythm to heartbeat

34
Q

Conduction Fibers

A

Rapidly conducts action potentials

Takes ap from pacemaker cells and brings them to myocardium

35
Q

Where are Pacemaker Cells located

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Pacemaker of the Heart
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

36
Q

What kinds of Conduction Fibers of the Myocardium are there

A

Internodal Pathways
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibers

37
Q

Rank the firing rate of the 4 autorhythmic cells

A

SA > AV > Bundle of His = Purkinje Fibers

38
Q

What sets the rate of rest of the heart

A

Fastest Cell = Pacemaker

39
Q

How does excitation spread between cells (What Contracts)

A

Atria contract and then Ventricles contract to spread excitation

40
Q

How does excitation spread between cells (What Allows for Coordination)

A

Gap Junctions and Conduction Pathways allow for coordination

41
Q

How does excitation spread between cells (Role of Intercalated Disks)

A

Creates junctions between adjacent myocardial cells

Desmosomes can resist mechanical stress by locking cardiac cells together
Resists stretching of heart when it is filled with blood

Gap Junctions allow for Electrical Coupling

42
Q

What are the steps of Initiation and Conduction of an Impulse (Heart)

A
  1. SA Node: Initiation of AP –> Spreads through atrial muscles (via interatrial pathways)
  2. Signal travels to AV node via internodal pathway
    AV nodal delay from slower conduction
  3. Signal travels to Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
  4. Signal splits into left and right bundle branches (Into Right and Left Ventricle)
  5. Purkinje Fibers transmit impulses to the rest of the myocardial cells
43
Q

Function of AV Nodal Delay

A

Allows for blood to fill the atria

44
Q

What are the 5 phases of electric activity in cardiac contractile cells (Ionic Basis)

A

Phase 0: Na+ Increases
Phase 1: Na+ Decreases
Phase 2: Ca2+ Increases, K+ decreases (Plateau)
Phase 3: Ca2+ Decreases, K+ Increases
Phase 4: Resting membrane potential

45
Q

How can the SA node be altered

A

Impulses from ANS can modify pacemaker artery

46
Q

Nerves from ANS innervates?

A

SA Node
AV Node
Cardiac Cells
Smooth Muscles in Cardiac Blood Vessels

47
Q

Effects of NE on sympathetic ANS

A

Increases Heart Rate
Increase Force of Contractions

Activate beta-adrenoceptors on nodal and contractile cells

48
Q

Effects of ACh on parasympathetic ANS

A

Decrease Heart Rate
Decrease Force of Contraction

Activates Muscarinic receptors on nodal and contractile cells

49
Q

Where are the cardiac centers that modify heart rate

A

Medulla Oblongata

50
Q

What happens when Cardioacceleratory Center is stimulated

A

Activates Sympathetic Neurons
Increase Heart Rate

51
Q

What happens when Cardioinhibitory Center is stimulated

A

Activates Parasympathetic Neurons
Vagus (N X) is involved
Decreases Heart Rate

PHARM 204 (20 decks)

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