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Structures: Part Deux > LEC45: Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

LEC45: Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

2 structures in cartilage

A

chondrocytes: cartilage cells, extracellular matrix

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2
Q

components of cartilage extracellular matrix

A

1) collagen fibers
2) ground substance
3) water

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3
Q

components of ground substance of ECM?

A

proteoglycans: hyaluronic acid + core proteins + chondromucoproteins (mucopolysaccharides and GSGs)

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4
Q

function of components of ground substance of ECM?

A

thicken the matrix, proteoglycans especially hold together matrix

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5
Q

water’s effect on matrix shape?

A

negative charge organizes water into stiff colloidal gel; makes matrix function like shock absorber; more water = bigger matrix

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6
Q

what happens to astronatus’ cartilage discs when in weightless environment?

A

discs enlarge

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7
Q

what happens to our height overnight, why?

A

we grow taller because water has chance to get back into disc overnight, saps during the day

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8
Q

what is lacunae?

A

artifactual appearance of chambers that chondrocyte cells occupy in cartilage; appear when cells are fixed, cells shrink away from matrix walls

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9
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

fibrous, elastic, hyaline

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10
Q

fibrous cartilage collagen type

A

Type I

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11
Q

fibrous cartilage visible in matrix?

A

yes

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12
Q

fibrous cartilage have perichondrium?

A

no

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13
Q

is fibrous cartilage vascular?

A

yes

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14
Q

elastic cartilage collagen type?

A

type II

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15
Q

elastic cartilage in matrix?

A

yes, elastin fibers are in the matrix

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16
Q

elastic cartilage have perichondrium?

A

yes

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17
Q

is elastic cartilage vascular?

A

no

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18
Q

hyaline cartilage collagen type?

A

type II

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19
Q

how does hyaline cartilage matrix appear?

A

homogenous, because no fibrous or elastin type fibers, so looks homogenous under microscope - light goes right through

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20
Q

does hyaline cartilage have perichomdrium?

A

yes

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21
Q

is hyaline cartilage vascular?

A

no

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22
Q

how are nutrients distributed in elastic and hyaline cartilage?

A

because avascular, nutrients must diffuse or be pumped through the matrix; so avascular cartilage size is limited

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23
Q

what inhibits nutrient flow through avascular cartilage?

A

calcium, causes chondrocytes to die, hence calcium replaced by bone

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24
Q

when does cartilage die, and what happens as result?

A

when calcium put down into avascular cartilage, cartilage dies; bone takes over, becomes matrix

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25
Q

where is fibrous cartilage found?

A

pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc, joint menisci, tendon and ligament insertions into bone, anulus fibrosis of IV discs

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26
Q

where’s elastic cartilage found?

A

ear, epiglottis

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27
Q

where’s hyaline cartilage found?

A

respiratory tract, ventral ends of ribs, long bone epiphyseal plates, synovial joints

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28
Q

types of cartilage cells

A

1) perichondrial cells
2) chondroblasts
3) chondrocytes

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29
Q

what are perichondrial cells from / what do they become?

A

are flat mesenchymal precursor cells, in perichondrium; differentiate into round chondroblasts

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30
Q

“peri”

A

periphery

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31
Q

“blast”

A

baby cell

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32
Q

chondroblast function

A

divide, grow, synthesize the matrix

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33
Q

“cyte”

A

mature cell

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34
Q

chondrocyte function

A

are trapped within, and maintain, the matrix

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35
Q

what are isogenous groups of chondrocytes

A

groups of chondrocytes dividing, making daughter cells for interstitial matrix around them

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36
Q

what happens spatially when isogenous groups of chondrocytes are at work?

A

cells working separate from each other

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37
Q

in which area of cartilage do isogenous groups of chondrocytes work?

A

interstitial

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38
Q

how do isogenous groups divide?

A

mitotic divisions of pre-existing chondroblasts

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39
Q

which way does matrix expand, why?

A

from within, b/c it’s a pliable colloid gel

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40
Q

what is appositional growth?

A

perichondrial cells > chondroblasts (make matrix) > chondrocytes

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41
Q

where does appositional growth occur?

A

outer edges of cartilage

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42
Q

what occupies epiphyseal growth plates, what kind of growth occurs there?

A

cartilage

interstitial growth

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43
Q

where does long bone growth occur (region of bone)?

A

epiphysis

top of long bone

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44
Q

where does ossification of long bone occur?

A

metaphysis

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45
Q

where is growth plate re: regions of long bone?

A

between metaphysis, epiphysis

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46
Q

where in long bone does appositional growth occur?

A

epiphysis’s perichondrium - cells added to the outside, make matrix, grow outside of long bone

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47
Q

steps of bone growth

A

1) cartilage model
2) periosteal collar forms on diaphysis
3) calcification in diaphyseal cartilage
4) blood vessels invade and form marrow cavity, eroding away middle part
5) endochondral bone formation occurs on metaphyseal cartilage and becomes ossofied b/c calcium deposited there
6) blood vessels invade, erode epiphyseal cartilage
7, 8) 2o ossification centers form in epiphyseal cartilages
8,9) epiphyseal plate forms btwn meaphysis and epiphysis
9,10) metaphysis and epiphysis fuse, epiphyseal plate disappears
10) ossification complete

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48
Q

type of cells in zone of reseve cartilage?

A

quiescent cells

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49
Q

tpye of cells in zone of proliferating cartilage?

A

making matrix so isogenous groups

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50
Q

type of cells in zone of cartilage hypertrophy

A

cells that’ve made matrix already; become isolated cells

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51
Q

what occurs in zone of capillary invasion

A

marrow cavity forms

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52
Q

what occurs in zone of mixed spicules

A

dying cartilage and newly formed immature bone present

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53
Q

what is in zone of remodeled spicules

A

mature bone that’s taking on shape that it’ll have in adult

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54
Q

7 endochondral bone formation zones

A

1) reserve cartilage
2) proflierating cartilage
3) cartilage hypertrophy
4) cartilage calcification
5) capillary invasion
6) mixed spicules w/ dying cartilage and newly formed immature bone
7) remodeled spicules, mature bone

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55
Q

how is bone able to be stained/on slide?

A

decalcify bone so can cut it

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56
Q

what happens to bone as grow older?

A

it’s resorbed where not needed, added to where it is needed, therefore changing bone shape over time

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57
Q

what causes bone WIDTH increase?

A

intramembranous and appositional growth

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58
Q

what causes bone LENGTH increase?

A

endochondral and interstitial growth

59
Q

bone originally forms from what?

A

mesenchymal tissue

60
Q

in membrane model of bone growth, what occurs?

A

appositional growth, intramembranous ossification at periosteum

61
Q

what does membrane model of growth lead to?

A

long bone width, remodeling shape, skull vault

62
Q

in hyaline cartilage model of bone growth, what occurs?

A

interstitial growth, endochondral ossification at growth plate

63
Q

what does hyaline cartilage model of growth lead to?

A

long bone length, skull base

64
Q

intramembranous appositional ossification growth involves what?

A

only bone, eg skull vault

65
Q

endochondral intersitial ossification involves what?

A

both bone and cartilage, eg metaphysis of long bone

66
Q

what is major different between cartialge matrix and bone matrix?

A

bone matrix has crystals and therefore high mineral content, cartilage matrix does NOT have crystals and therefore has low mineral content

67
Q

what is bone matrix comprised of?

A

osteoid + minerals

68
Q

what is osteoid?

A

uncalcified “pre-bone” made of water, type I collagen, ground substance, + calcium + phosphate ions

69
Q

minerals of bone matrix?

A

hydroxyapatite crystals Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

70
Q

what is unique about the length/weight of long bones?

A

very strong, but not very heavy because TUBULAR structure adds STRENGTH where forces are incurred (solid outer surface) but doesn’t add weight (hollow center)

71
Q

what does cancellous mean

A

spongy, trabecular; meshwork of bony spicules

72
Q

what are concentric layers of bone?

A

periosteum > compact/cortial bone > cancellous/spony/trabecular boney meshwork

73
Q

cancellous bone matrix made of?

A

trabeculae / spicules

74
Q

how do trabeculae arrange? Why significant?

A

trabeculae form right-angles to each other; prevents bone from twisting, bending breaking; distributes force over larger area to cortex

75
Q

where does bone marrow go

A

in spaces between trabeculae (also fat there)

76
Q

what occurs in osteoperosis?

A

trabeculae still at right angles, but become THIN - lose calcium, so framework brittle, fragile

77
Q

where is compact/cortical bone?

A

in perimeter of bones

78
Q

function of compact/cortical bone?

A

nearly solid; accouts for most of bone weight

79
Q

forms of compact bone

A

circumferential lamellae and haversian system osteons

80
Q

how many layers of lamellae in bone?

A

2 circumferential lamellae - outer and inner; also interstitial lamellae

81
Q

fiber type of circumferential lamellae, and their arrangement?

A

type I collagen; in parallel layers; fibers oriented at 45 degrees relative to adjacent layers

82
Q

fiber type and arrangement of haversian osteons?

A

type I collagen fibers in concentric layers, fibers oriented 45 degrees relative to adjacent rings

83
Q

organization of cortex of bone, from outer to inner?

A

1) outer periosteal circumferential lamellae
2) haversian system osteons
3) inner endosteal circumferential lamella > marrow inside

84
Q

what type of layers do osteons have?

A

concentric lamellae (like Onion)

85
Q

what type of layers do periosteal circumferential lamellae have?

A

parallel (like Parfait)

86
Q

what are concentric lamellae arranged around? What does it contain?

A

haversian canal, which has blood vessels, nerves

87
Q

what connects adjacent Haversian canals? Function?

A

Volkmann’s canals; allow blood vessels to get in from periphery, and in from 1 column to another; run 90o to Haversian canals; no concentric circles of lamellae

88
Q

cartilage cell precursors?

A

perichondrial

89
Q

bone cell precursors?

A

osteoprogenitor

90
Q

what makes cartilage matrix?

A

chondroblast

91
Q

what makes bone matrix?

A

osteoblast

92
Q

what is trapped in cartilage matrix?

A

chondrocyte

93
Q

what is trapped in bone matrix?

A

osteocyte

94
Q

what resorbs cartilage matrix

A

NOTHING!

95
Q

what resorbs bone matrix?

A

osteoclasts

96
Q

osteoblasts

A

activated osteoprogenitor cells aka make bone

97
Q

osteoprogenitor cell

A

bone lining cell that covers quiescent bone surfaces

98
Q

osteocytes

A

former osteoblasts, trapped within bone matrix

99
Q

what do osteoclasts arise from

A

mononuclear phagocytic system; eat old bone that needs to die, be resorbed and reformed

100
Q

what system are osteoclasts part of?

A

mononuclear phagocytic system

101
Q

bone cells’ evolution

A

osteoprogenitor > osteoblast > osteocyte > osteoclast

102
Q

what are osteoprogenitors derived from, where are they found, what do they give rise to?

A

from mesenchyme-type cells; found at periosteum; give rise to osteoblasts and osteocytes

103
Q

where are osteoblasts, what do they do

A

on perimeter of matrix, lay down organic components of bone matrix

104
Q

osteoid?

A

unmineralized bone

105
Q

osteocytes’ characteristics

A

lost their major protein syntehtic apparatus; connected to adjacent cells by long cell processes allowing cell-cell communication, ion/fluid transfer

106
Q

what are the are bone matrix “maintenance” cells

A

osteocytes

107
Q

what are canaliculi?

A

small channels, contain cytoplasmic processes, from osteocytes; communicate w/ other osteocytes via GAP JUNCTIONS

108
Q

what do canaliculi do?

A

allow cell processes to transfer nutrients, fluid, ions, signals, wastes; connect remote osteocytes to blood vessels in central Haversian canal; help resorb surrounding bone if osteocytes die

109
Q

what is delimiting edge?

A

“cement line” or boundary between osteons of adjacent HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS, formed when new bone is made, and which canaliculi don’t cross

110
Q

what is in high concentration in delimiting edge?

A

muccopolysaccharides

111
Q

how do osteoclasts appear, why?

A

foamy, ruffled border because dissolved bone minera , highly folded surface for increased SA

112
Q

is cartilage present in intramembranous bone formation?

A

no

113
Q

what is intramembranous bone remodeling

A

building w/ osteoblasts on 1 side and resorption by osteoclasts on other side of bone area

114
Q

what happens in osteoporosis re: osteoblasts, osteoclasts?

A

decrease in osteoblastic activity, but osteoclast numbers and activity unaffected

115
Q

what happens to astronauts re: bones in space?

A

suffer bone loss due to microgravity

116
Q

osteon “life cycle”?

A

1) osteoclasts make large hole in old bone; left over partial lamellae called “interstital lamellae”
2) osteoprogenitor cells migrate inf rom blood, differentiate into osteoblasts
3) osteoblasts deposit bone along perimeter of canal lumen in sequential layers, narrow lumen
4) osteocytes trapped in lacunae within lamina layers

117
Q

relationship between bone canal size and osteon age?

A

large hole=younger; small hole=older

118
Q

leftover pieces of bone called?

A

interstitial lamellae of old haversian system

119
Q

whether cortical or cancellous, what are 2 bone classifications?

A

1) lamellar 2) woven

120
Q

what is woven bone?

A

immature bone (fetal-3 yrs old); less mineral, more cellular; irregular fiber arrangement; first bone formed during fracture repair

121
Q

immature bone (fetal-3 yrs old); less mineral, more cellular; irregular fiber arrangement; first bone formed during fracture repair

A

mature bone (3 yrs-adult); more mineral, less cellular; have layered fiber arrangement

122
Q

how does lamellar bone appear under polarized light, why?

A

alternating light/dark pattern because collagen fibers in successive layers arrayed at 45 degrees to each other

123
Q

what does lamellar bone have?

A

layers: Osteons=concentric, circumferential=parallel; spongy=parallel

124
Q

what is first bone formed at growth sites?

A

woven bone, primary spongiosa

125
Q

how are lacunae in woven bone?

A

randomly placed

126
Q

nickname for woven bone, why?

A

“band-aid bone” b/c made quickly, slapped down at fracture repair sites

127
Q

where can you find woven bone and lamellar bone re: compact/cortical or cancellous/spongy layers?

A

can find both woven and lamellar bone in both compact and cancellous layers - depends on when made, and for what

128
Q

what do intramembranous and endochondral ossification have in common?

A

both involve making woven bone first and then remodeling it into lamellar bone

129
Q

woven bone is made form which model of bone development?

A

either membrane or cartilage model; either way, ends up becoming lamellar bone

130
Q

where does woven bone persist?

A

gamphosis (tooth-jaw), where tendon attaches to muscle

131
Q

why might growth plate fracture result in stunted growth?

A

because woven bone slapped onto fracture site, causing premature ossification of cartilage, therefore stunting growth of long bone

132
Q

phases of bone fracture repair?

A

1) reactive
2) reparative
3) remodeling

133
Q

what happens during reactive phase of bone repair?

A

1) hematoma

2) inflammation, granulation tissue, blood vessel growth

134
Q

what happens during reparative phase of bone repair?

A

1) soft callus of fibrous tissue and hyaline cartialge bridges fracture site
2) hard callus forms of woven bone - endochondrial inside callus, intramembranous outside at periosteum

135
Q

what happens during remodeling phase of bone repair?

A

1) remodeling callus: woven bone replaced by lamellar bone: trabecular lamellar bone forms first, excess bone removed, trabecular replaced by compact bone, bone returns close to normal shape

136
Q

what is rickets? What happens, why?

A

osteoid (so called pre bone) doesn’t calcify under conditions of poor calcium and phosphate ion levels

137
Q

normal bone matrix percent organic v mineral?

A

30 percent organic (water, Type I collagen, ground substance), 70 percent minerals (calcium and phosphate in hydroxyapatite crystals)

138
Q

osteopenia?

A

failure of osteoid to calcify; thinning cortices, lucent metaphyseal bands results; on x-ray, bone looks very opaque rather than dense

139
Q

what is fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive?

A

over-calcification; ossifies muscle and locks joints, imprisons victim in a “second skeleton”

140
Q

what is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

defect in formation of type I collagen that forms bone matrix, result is baby’s extremeties positioned oddly because has multiple fractures; can be lethal

141
Q

what influences bone formation and resorption?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)-regulates bone turnover, and Vitamin D- regulates mineralization of bone matrix

142
Q

factors involved in bone remodeling

A

estrogens, calcitonin, glucocorticoids, progesterone, androgens, impact of mechanical constraints, genetic background, growth hormone, gonadotrophic (sex) hormones

143
Q

who was adam ranier? Why does it matter?

A

only person to be classified as both a dwarf and giant; 3 ft 10 inches at age 21, then pituitary tumor caused overgrowth, measured 7 ft 8 inches at his death at age 51

Structures: Part Deux (36 decks)

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