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Structures: Part Deux > LEC39: Microstructure of Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

LEC39: Microstructure of Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

how much semen & sperm does avg man have / ejaculate

A

3.5 mL semen, each ejaculate has 200-300 million sperm

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2
Q

components of male reproductive system

A

testes, genital ducts (paired), glands (exocrine), penis

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3
Q

parts of (paired) genital ducts

A

efferent ductules (ductuli efferentes)
epididymis
vas deferens (ductus deferens)
ejaculatory ducts

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4
Q

(exocrine) glands of male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicles (2, paired)
prostate (1)
bulbourethral glands of Cowper (paired)

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5
Q

efferent ductules function

A

sperm passage

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6
Q

epididymis function

A

sperm storage, maturation

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7
Q

vas deferens function

A

where sperm pass through > ejaculatory ducts

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8
Q

where are glands of cowpoer

A

urogenital diaphragm

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9
Q

what forms capsule for testes

A

tunica albuginea

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10
Q

what divides testes into lobules, how many lobules are there?

A

septa

250 lobules

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11
Q

what is within lobules?

A

1-4 seminiferous tubules / lobule, avg=2

each 50 cm long

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12
Q

combined length of seminiferous tubules in 1 testis

A

250m long

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13
Q

parts of epididymis

A

head, body, tail

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14
Q

what contains the rete testis

A

mediastinum testis

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15
Q

what is between seminiferous tubules in TV sections

A

interstitial tissue, where testes produce hormones (endocrine fxn happens here)

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16
Q

what surrounds seminiferous tubules

A

interstitial tissue

basement membrane

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17
Q

types of cells in seminiferous epithelium

A

1) spermatogenic cells/germ cells, contain all phase of germ cell, from spermatogonia thru maturing sperm
2) sertoli cells/somatic cells
3) basement membrane

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18
Q

3 types of spermatogonia, what differences mean

A

1) dark type A
2) pale type A
3) type B
based on staining characteristic of nucleus - if stains dark/pain

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19
Q

3 processes of spermatogenesis

A

1) spermatocytogenesis
2) meiosis
3) spermiogenesis

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20
Q

what does spermatocytoenesis consist of?

A

spermatogonia > 1o spermatocytes

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21
Q

what does meiosis of spermatogenesis consist of?

A

1o spermatocytes (2N) thru meiosis I > 2o spermatocytes (1N) thru meiosis II > spermatids

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22
Q

what does spermiogenesis consist of?

A

spermatids (1N) > sperm (1N)

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23
Q

spermatocytogenesis process

A

1) dark type A cell undergoes mitosis, becomes pale type A

2) pale type A becomes 1o spermatocyte; that undergoes prophase of meiosis I

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24
Q

what happens to 1o spermatocyte

A

for 22 days, it undergoes meiosis I

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25
Q

when does 1o spermatocyte become 2o spermatocyte

A

at end of meiosis I

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26
Q

what does 2o spermatocyte undergo

A

meiosis II; spends 8 hours at interphase of meiosis II before completing & becoming spermatid

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27
Q

how long does entire process of spermatogonia to sperm take

A

64 days

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28
Q

what is spermiogenesis

A

transformation of spermatids into sperm

acrosome develops

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29
Q

what is process of acrosome development, where does it come from?

A

from golgi apparatus’s hydrolitic enzymes
acrosomal part of sperm develops from granule > vesicle > cap > full acrosome cap structure on upper part of sperm nucleus

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30
Q

how long does sperm spend in epididymis

A

1-12 days

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31
Q

what happens during spermiogenesis

A

1) acrosome develops
2) flagellum develops
3) mitochondria aid sperm tail development

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32
Q

what is flagellum derived from, and what is its main structural component?

A

from 1 of 2 centrioles

contains microtubule arrangement associated with cilia

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33
Q

length of sperm head, tail

A

head: 5 micron
tail: 60 micron

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34
Q

what structure in center of sperm tail is important, why

A

cilium
use mitochondria for movement
surrounded by CT

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35
Q

how does sperm move in seminiferous tubule?

A

moves along genital duct via testicular folds down the duct, as it does not have head/tail yet

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36
Q

when can sperm move alone?

A

once mature, capacitated, in epididymis/oviduct

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37
Q

structure of sperm tail

A

from head end > end of tail
middle piece: mitochondria, dense fibers
principal piece: fibrous sheath
end piece: cilium

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38
Q

what does acrosome contain for digestion

A

lysosomal enzymes

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39
Q

what color do lysosomal enzymes of acrosome stain?

A

red

nucleus = yellow

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40
Q

what does zona pellucida express?

A

3 glycoproteins:

ZP1, ZP2, ZP3

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41
Q

how does sperm penetrate ovum?

A

acrosomal enzyme reaction; hyaluronidase penetrates corona radiata; sperm head binds to zona pellucida; sperm binds to ZP3 of zona pellucida, enters ovum

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42
Q

what kind of cells are sertoli cells?

A

somatic cells

43
Q

what does sertoli cell contact?

A

base- basement membrane

extends up into seminiferous tubule

44
Q

what is the nature of sertoli cells?

A

constantly changing

can move from lower > upper part of tubule

45
Q

sertoli cell functions?

A

1) supportive: structural support, nutrients, waste material transport to blood/lymph for spermatogenic cells
2) phagocytosis: of residual bodies, degenerative spermatogenic cells
3) secretion: androgen-binding protein which binds testosterone; inhibin which suppressess FSH secretion; testicular fluid
4) blood-testis barrier

46
Q

what do sertoli cells secrete?

A

1) androgen-binding protein: binds testosterone
2) inhibin: suppresses FSH secretion
3) testicular fluid

47
Q

what connects adjacent sertoli cells? what is result?

A

tight junctions between adjacent sertoli cells’ cell processes
this forms blood-testis barrier

48
Q

what does blood-testis barrier do?

A

divides seminiferous tubules into

1) basal compartment- below tight junction, houses spermatogonia
2) adluminal compartment- above tight junction, contains 1o, 2o spermatocytes, maturing sperm

49
Q

what is morphological evidence of blood-testis barrier?

A

lanthanum nitrate (e- dense material) cannot enter adluminal compartment when injected into blood stream

50
Q

blood-testis barrier functions

A

1) restricts passage of large MW chemicals, mutagens, toxic drugs, antibodies from blood circulation > adluminal compartment
2) protects maturing sperm in adluminal compartment against blood born noxious agents

51
Q

when does blood-testis barrier form

A

puberty

52
Q

is there movement within blood-testis barrier?

A

yes, can open/close to allow sperm to move up from basal > adluminal compartment

53
Q

what is between seminiferous tubules

A

interstitial tissue

54
Q

interstitial tissue function?

A

endocrine tissue of the testes

55
Q

what does interstitial tissue contain?

A

leydig cells

56
Q

what do leydig cells do?

A

secrete testosterone, under LH

57
Q

what factors affect spermatogenesis?

A

1) temperature
2) x-ray irradiation
3) malnutrition
4) alcoholism
5) cadmium
6) hormones

58
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

undescended testis in body cavity

cannot make sperm because temperature (37.8) in body cavity

59
Q

what doesn’t effect sertoli cells and leydig cells, and why?

A

temperature and x-rays
because they are somatic cells

ex: with cryptorchidism, testis cannot make sperm but do produce testosterone from leydig cells

60
Q

hormonal control of the MRS

A

go over this

61
Q

where do seminiferous tubules end?

A

rete testis, in mediastinum in posterior part of testis

62
Q

where does fluid from rete testis go?

A

efferent ductules > epididymis

63
Q

how long is epididymis?

A

4-6m long; coils into 5 cm

64
Q

what is efferent ductule surrounded by

A

smooth muscle

65
Q

what does lumen of epididymis contain

A

clusters of sperm, cell debris suspended in testicular fluid

66
Q

what happens while sperm are in epididymis?

A 
1-12 days 
undergo progressive maturation 
acquire motility 
DO NOT CAPACITATE 
absorption, secretion 
phagocytosis of degenerating sperm
67
Q

cell type of epididymis epithelium?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia

68
Q

what are stereocilia

A

modified long microvilli
lack motility
increase surface absorptive area of epididymis

69
Q

cell type of rete testis?

A

cuboidal with cilia

move testicular fluid along tubule

70
Q

cell type of efferent ductule?

A

tall ciliated columnar cells: move sperm to epididymis
short non-ciliated cells: reabsorb some of testicular fluid
duct surrounded by smooth muscle

71
Q

how does TV section of epididymis appear and why?

A

appears as multiple transverse sections of same duct

because duct is highly coiled

72
Q

layers of vas deferens?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle:

1) outer longitudinal
2) circular
3) intermedial

73
Q

cell type of vas deferens?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

74
Q

are there stereocilia in vas deferens?

A

beginning part where comes from epididymis, perhaps, but then disappear down tube

75
Q

what is ampulla

A

forms diverticulum from vas deferens to form seminal vesicle

76
Q

what empties into prostate gland

A

ejaculatory duct from seminal vesicle & vas deferens > parenchyma of prostate

77
Q

how long is seminal vesicle?

A

15 cm; coils on itself to be 5-6 cm

78
Q

what is seminal vesicle derived from?

A

vas deferens

79
Q

what is structure of seminal vesicle?

A

highly folded mucosa surrounded by 2 layers of smooth muscle

80
Q

epithelial cell type of seminal vesicle?

A

pseudostratified columnar or simple cuboidal-columnar epithelium
depends on age, hormones

81
Q

how much of seminal fluid do seminal vesicles secrete

A

70%

82
Q

what does stroma of seminal vesicle have?

A

smooth muscle, elastic fibers

83
Q

what is composition of seminal vesicle secretion?

A

thick, creamy, yellowish, alkaline fluid; substances modify sperm activity

1) fructose
2) citric acid & ascorbid acid
3) fibrinogen
4) prostaglandins
5) yellow lipofuscin pigments

84
Q

fructose function in seminal vesicle secretion?

A

energy source for sperm motility

85
Q

citric and ascorbic acid function in seminal vesicle secretion?

A

vitamin C

86
Q

fibrinogen function in seminal vesicle secretion?

A

coagulates semen after ejaculation

87
Q

prostaglandins function in seminal vesicle secretion?

A

stimulate activity in FR tract

88
Q

yellow lipofuscin pigments function in seminal vesicle secretion?

A

pale yellow color of semen

89
Q

fluid flow through prostate?

A

prostate glands > ducts > prostatic urethra

90
Q

what surrounds prostate?

A

thin fibrous CT capsule

91
Q

prostate zones, % of prostate they occupy?

A

transition zone: surrounds urethra (5%)
central zone: encircles ejaculatory ducts (20%)
peripheral zone (70%)

92
Q

what is stroma of prostate structure?

A

fibromuscular

93
Q

corpora amylacae

A

calcified glycoprotein
number increases with age
prostatic concretions

94
Q

prostatic glands cell type

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

95
Q

stroma cell types

A

collagen fibers
smooth muscle cells
stromal cells

96
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

increase in number, size of prostatic glands
increase in amt of stroma
hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells, increased activity of STROMAL CELLS
>4-5cm rather than <4 cm normal prostate

97
Q

where does BPH occur?

A

transition zone

98
Q

where does prostate cancer occur?

A

peripheral zone

99
Q

how much of seminal fluid does prostate secretion make up?

A

30%

100
Q

what does prostate secretion contain?

A

thin, milky colored fluid:

1) fibrinolysin- liquifies solidified semen
2) proteases, acid phosphatase
3) prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a serine protease - tumor marker
4) citric acid, zinc, electrolytes, lipids

101
Q

what used to be a prostate cancer marker, and no longer definitely is?

A

psa - prostate-specific antigen
serine-protease tumor marker
psa= 0-4 mg/ml

102
Q

what do bulboureathral glands secrete

A

mucus-like substance that precedes emission of semen; has lubrication function for passage of semen along urethra

1) galactose
2) sialic acid

103
Q

where are bulbourethral glands?

A

in skeletal muscle of urogenital diaphragm

Structures: Part Deux (36 decks)

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